Plasmid mediated penicillin and tetracycline resistance among Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Kenya
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Plasmid mediated penicillin and tetracycline resistance among Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Kenya Mary Wandia Kivata1,2* , Margaret Mbuchi3,4*, Fredrick Eyase1,3, Wallace Dimbuson Bulimo3,5, Cecilia Katunge Kyanya3, Valerie Oundo3, Wilton Mwema Mbinda6, Willy Sang3,4, Ben Andagalu3, Olusegun O. Soge7, Raymond Scott McClelland8 and John Distelhorst3
Abstract Background: Treatment of gonorrhea is complicated by the development of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) to the antibiotics recommended for treatment. Knowledge on types of plasmids and the antibiotic resistance genes they harbor is useful in monitoring the emergence and spread of bacterial antibiotic resistance. In Kenya, studies on gonococcal antimicrobial resistance are few and data on plasmid mediated drug resistance is limited. The present study characterizes plasmid mediated resistance in N. gonorrhoeae isolates recovered from Kenya between 2013 and 2018. Methods: DNA was extracted from 36 sub-cultured GC isolates exhibiting varying drug resistance profiles. Whole genome sequencing was done on Illumina MiSeq platform and reads assembled de-novo using CLC Genomics Workbench. Genome annotation was performed using Rapid Annotation Subsystem Technology. Comparisons in identified antimicrobial resistance determinants were done using Bioedit sequence alignment editor. Results: Twenty-four (66.7%) isolates had both β-lactamase (TEM) and TetM encoding plasmids. 8.3% of the isolates lacked both TEM and TetM plasmids and had intermediate to susceptible penicillin and tetracycline MICs. Twentysix (72%) isolates harbored TEM encoding plasmids. 25 of the TEM plasmids were of African type while one was an Asian type. Of the 36 isolates, 31 (86.1%) had TetM encoding plasmids, 30 of which harbored American TetM, whereas 1 carried a Dutch TetM. All analyzed isolates had non-mosaic penA alleles. All the isolates expressing TetM were tetracycline resistant (MIC> 1 mg/L) and had increased doxycycline MICs (up to 96 mg/L). All the isolates had S10 ribosomal protein V57M amino acid substitution associated with tetracycline resistance. No relation was observed between PenB and MtrR alterations and penicillin and tetracycline MICs. (Continued on next page)
* Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P. O Box 62,000-00200, Thika, Kenya 3 U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, P. O Box 606, Village Market, Nairobi 00621, Kenya Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or
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