Policy Recommendations

The recommendations below are based on this book’s research findings and are subdivided into four categories. To start with, they will pinpoint the way ahead with regard to implementation issues of the arbitration award on the Croatian–Slovenian border. I

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Thomas Bickl

The Border Dispute Between Croatia and Slovenia The Stages of a Protracted Conflict and Its Implications for EU Enlargement

Contributions to Political Science

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11829

Thomas Bickl

The Border Dispute Between Croatia and Slovenia The Stages of a Protracted Conflict and Its Implications for EU Enlargement

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Thomas Bickl Brussels, Belgium

ISSN 2198-7289 ISSN 2198-7297 (electronic) Contributions to Political Science ISBN 978-3-030-53332-8 ISBN 978-3-030-53333-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53333-5 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

For Albin Zupanc and Karl Bickl who have proven that friendship can outdo war.

Preface

In mid-June 1991, Slovenia started to build checkpoints along the future international border with Croatia. A row over the location of one of the border posts could be solved by telephone diplomacy on the eve of both countries’ declarations of independence. Almost 30 years on, the lifespan of one generation after the dismemberment of Yugoslavia, the two countries were most recently involved in a lawsuit at the EU Court of Justice over whether the territorial application of EU law required the implementation of the arbitration award from 2017 in the first place. How could it come to this? What has made the current situation so intractable? Why is it that two countries that have never been at war apparently find it so difficult to solve a minor territorial issue bilaterally and by diplomatic means? Some may be inclined to assume a “conf