Pollutant emission effect of tourism, real income, energy utilization, and urbanization in OECD countries: a panel quant
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Pollutant emission effect of tourism, real income, energy utilization, and urbanization in OECD countries: a panel quantile approach Andrew Adewale Alola 1,2 & Taiwo Temitope Lasisi 3 & Kayode Kolawole Eluwole 3,4 & Uju Violet Alola 5,6 Received: 4 June 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Although the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries are largely regarded as a high human development index and high-income economies, evidence has continued to reveal the existential gap among the member countries drive toward achieving environmental sustainability. Giving this motivation, this research employed a panel quantile approach to examine the role of square of per capita income (the environmental Kuznets curve–EKC hypothesis) and per capita income, tourist arrivals, energy consumption, and urbanization on environmental quality in the panel of (31) selected OECD countries over the period 1995–2016. A handful of vital results were presented in the study. First, the evidence of EKC (inverted U-shaped) proposition is establish just for the lower quantiles while a no EKC (U-shaped) hypothesis is found from the 0.25th to 0.90th quantile. In specific, environmental quality starts to improve when the per capita real income peaked at 11, 271.13 USD (0.05th quantile) and 8, 604.15 USD (0.10th quantile) while the environment becomes damaged after income per capita becomes 89, 321.72 USD (0.25th quantile) and 36, 315.50 USD (0.50th quantile). Moreover, the effect of international tourism arrivals, urbanization, and energy consumption are all significant and damaging to environmental quality across the quantile but with a slightly minimized impact toward the upper quantile. Furthermore, there is statistical significant evidence of Granger causality at least from tourism development, energy consumption, urbanization, and per capita income to carbon emissions. Considering the aforementioned results, the study outlined relevant policy mechanism that is poised to guide the OECD member countries on the sustainable development path. Keywords Environmental sustainability . Tourism . Real income . EKC . OECD
Introduction
reduce the effects of climate change, and drastically reduce our natural resource use. We have the expertise, technology, and resources required to make important systems of production and consumption such as food, transportation, and renewable energy. Our economic
During the next decade, we have a short window of time to significantly increase steps to conserve biodiversity, Responsible Editor: Nicholas Apergis * Andrew Adewale Alola [email protected]
2
Department of Financial Technologies, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
3
Department of Management, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
4
School of Tourism and Hostel Management, Bahcesehir Cyprus University, Lefkosa Via Mersin 10, Turkey
5
Department of Tourism Guidance, Faculty of Economics, Administrative
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