Pollution status and health risk caused by heavy elements in the flooded soil and vegetables from typical agricultural r
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Pollution status and health risk caused by heavy elements in the flooded soil and vegetables from typical agricultural region in Vojvodina Province, Serbia Biljana D. Škrbić 1
&
Jelena Živančev 1 & Igor Antić 1 & Maja Buljovčić 1
Received: 4 August 2020 / Accepted: 22 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The investigation conducted in the Vojvodina Province, as a typical European and one of the biggest agricultural regions in the Balkans, offers the research methodology that could be used for any non/flooded agricultural region. The flood impact on heavy elements (HE) content in the flooded arable soil (n = 16) in relation to the control soil (n = 16) was examined, as well as their accumulation in the most often cultivated vegetables (n = 96) in the studied area. Results revealed that the flood did not significantly change the pseudo total HEs concentration in the soil as well as their amounts accumulated in different soil fractions. In both soils, only the average content of Ni exceeded the maximum permissible values set by Serbian soil quality standard which is in line with the Dutch standard. In comparison with the background values, notable enrichment is found for most of analyzed elements in both soils. Soil pollution status was assessed through several indices indicating that contamination range was in the domain from a moderate to a highly polluted. The principal component analysis demonstrated that soil contamination was probably originated from agricultural/anthropogenic activities (Cd, Cu, As, Pb), apart from Ni, Cr, and Co which came from natural weathering of the parent material. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of selected HEs for Serbian population in the investigated region were below the threshold values. The average levels of Pb in investigated potato and carrot samples were higher than the maximum allowable concentrations established by EU/Serbian regulation. The total hazard quotients (THQ) of HEs through intake of analyzed vegetables were below the safe threshold (˂ 1), suggesting the absence of adverse health effects. Keywords Toxic element . Soil fractions pollution index . Soil-plant interaction . Bioaccumulation factor . Hazard quotient
Introduction Since HEs are ubiquitous environmental pollutants and could be harmful to human health and ecosystem at trace levels due to their toxicity and long-term persistence, numerous studies have been focused on determination of heavy elements (HEs) (Rivera et al. 2016; Yadav et al. 2019). Consequently, HEs are subject of ongoing research increasingly attracting the attention of the general public due to their concentrations,
Responsible Editor: Elena Maestri * Biljana D. Škrbić [email protected] 1
Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
distribution, fate, impact, and source in the all compartments of the environment (Jiang et al. 2017). Particularly, the contamination of agric
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