Polycarbazole and its derivatives: progress, synthesis, and applications
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Polycarbazole and its derivatives: progress, synthesis, and applications V. Nayana 1 & Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian 2 Received: 29 January 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 # The Polymer Society, Taipei 2020
ABSTRACT Polycarbazole and its derivatives encompass nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic conducting polymers having excellent optoelectronic properties, high charge carrier mobility, and excellent morphological stability, which make them potential candidates in the field of nanodevices, rechargeable batteries and electrochemical transistors. Engrossingly, carbazole moieties can be electropolymerized in two different methods resulting in the formation of poly(2,7-carbazole)s or poly(3,6-carbazole)s derivatives because the 2,7 and 3,6 positions are more active than the others. The fundamental difference between these two polymers is in the bandgap energies and effectual conjugation length. Poly(2,7-carbazole) exhibits more extended conjugation length because of the presence of lower bandgap energy values and the presence of poly para phenylene (PPP) like structure. The pysicochemical characteristics of the polymers, revamped by employing substituents at various positions and synthetic methods, leading to the generation of highly efficient materials for a wide range of optoelectronic applications. At present, much intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) like polythiophene (PT), poly (p-phenylene) (PPP), polypyrrole (PPY), and polyaniline (PANI) have been diligently investigated. Among these carbazole units are more advantageous because of their intriguing properties includes the presence of bridged biphenyl unit providing a material with a lower bandgap, the inexpensive raw material (9H-carbazole), and the natural functionalizing ability of nitrogen atom. The predominant objective of this review is to effectuate a comprehensive study of carbazole based conducting polymers, its derivatives, applications, and various synthesis methods. Keywords Polycarbazole . Conducting polymers . Poly(3,6-carbazole) . Poly(2,7-carbazole)
INTRODUCTION Researchers have been studying carbazole (CZ) based polymeric and oligomeric compounds for more than 30 years due to their versatility in functionalization, excellent electrical, electrochemical properties, good environmental stability, and unique optical properties [1]. The first endeavours were Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-02254-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian [email protected] 1
CIPET: Institute of Plastics Technology (IPT), HIL Colony, Edayar Road, Padalam, Eloor, Udyogamandal PO, Kochi, Kerala 68350, India
2
Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, Maharashtra 411025, India
carried out to study considerable photoconductive properties of PVK, poly(N-vinyl carbazole) in
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