Polymeric g-C 3 N 4 Derived from the Mixture of Dicyandiamide and Mushroom Waste for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methy
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Polymeric g‑C3N4 Derived from the Mixture of Dicyandiamide and Mushroom Waste for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Blue Hung‑Chun Yang1 · Miao‑Ting Liu1 · Ming‑Wei Chao2 · Ke‑Hsuan Wang3 · Chechia Hu1
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Metal-free, visible light-responsive, carbon-based graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a well-known photocatalyst. It is necessary to develop a g-C3N4 for use as a photocatalyst in a green, economically viable, and effective manner. In this study, a waste-derived g-C3N4 was successfully prepared from the mixture of dicyandiamide (DICY) and mushroom waste (MW). The waste-derived g-C3N4 (1MDCN) exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to the conventional dicyandiamide-derived g-C3N4 for the degradation of an azo dye, methyl blue (MB), which is a most commonly used dye in the pharmaceutical industry. Under visible light irradiation, the improved activity could be attributed to its greater graphitic degree and fewer pyrrolic-N forming repeated tri-s-triazine units oriented along the [100] plane, which was evidenced by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, the waste-derived g-C3N4 in this study is less harmful and exhibited good cell viability for Chinese hamster ovary cells, with over 50% of the cells surviving, whereas more than 85% of the cells were killed using melamine-derived g-C3N4 at a concentration of 1000 μg mL−1. The present study shows that g-C3N4 derived from the mixture of DICY and MW can be a harmless, economically viable, and effective photocatalyst for environmental remediation. Graphic Abstract
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Vol.:(0123456789)
Topics in Catalysis
Keywords g-C3N4 · Photocatalysis · Dicyandiamide · Mushroom waste · Hamster cell
1 Introduction Carbon-based photocatalysts such as graphene, graphene oxide, and graphitic carbon nitride, have been extensively investigated to generate H2 and O2 from water splitting, to reduce CO2 concentrations, to produce CO, C H4, HCOOH, and CH3OH, and to decompose and degrade organic and inorganic compounds [1–4]. Among various photocatalysts [4–7], polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is metalfree, easy to prepare, visible light-active, and abundant of its raw materials, making it attracts considerable attention as a photocatalyst [8]. Commonly, g-C3N4 is prepared via the thermal condensation method to eliminate –NH3 groups during the polymerization of raw materials containing aromatic rings with R–C–NH2 groups [9–11]. However, the precursor for this method, such as melamine, exhibits seriously harmful effects for mammals to cause kidney damage [12]. As a result, it is urgent to develop a cost-effective, safe, non-toxic, and simple method to synthesize g-C3N4. Because of the carbon and nitrogen-rich feature of natural organics, preparing g-C3N4 from agricultural waste could be an alternative approach to not only reduce the harmful effects resulting from the
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