Porogen Template Assisted TiO 2 Rutile Coupled Nanomaterials for Improved Visible and Solar Light Photocatalytic Applica
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Porogen Template Assisted TiO2 Rutile Coupled Nanomaterials for Improved Visible and Solar Light Photocatalytic Applications Mathieu Grandcolas Æ Maithaa Karkmaz-Le Du Æ Florence Bosc Æ Alain Louvet Æ Nicolas Keller Æ Vale´rie Keller
Received: 30 June 2007 / Accepted: 4 January 2008 / Published online: 23 January 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008
Abstract The controlled synthesis, using Brij56, PEG, PVA and CTAB organic porogens, of TiO2 rutile-coupled nanomaterials leads to efficient visible and solar light photocatalytic materials at room temperature. Examples are provided for the total oxidation of CO, the production of hydrogen from water splitting and the gas phase diethylsulfide degradation. Keywords Photocatalysis TiO2 Rutile Anatase WO3 Visible and solar light activation Binary and ternary coupling
1 Introduction During the last decades, research involving photocatalysis has gained considerable attention as a clean and environmentally friendly technology for water and air depollution, decontamination and desinfection, for fine chemical synthesis or in the field of alternative energy through hydrogen production. This led photocatalysis to recently move from basic to applied research. Unfortunately, the low solar light
M. Grandcolas M. Karkmaz-Le Du F. Bosc N. Keller V. Keller (&) Laboratoire des Mate´riaux, Surfaces et Proce´de´s pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), European Laboratory for Catalysis and Surface Sciences (ELCASS), CNRS, Louis Pasteur University, 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg 67087, France e-mail: [email protected] N. Keller e-mail: [email protected] A. Louvet De´le´gation Ge´ne´rale a` l’Armement (DGA), Centre d’Etude du Bouchet (CEB), BP 3, Vert-le-Petit 91710, France
absorption of the most used and efficient photocatalyst, anatase TiO2, is a serious drawback for many applications, only the near-UV part of the spectra being used, corresponding to about 4% of the solar spectrum. The development of photocatalysts with high efficiency under visible light (k [ 380 nm) should allow a larger part of the solar spectrum, and even the poor illumination of indoor lighting, to be used and thus transferring the activation mode from UV to visible light has become a hot-topic in photocatalysis. Different approaches for achieving this goal have been studied, such as the use of smaller band gap materials, the doping of TiO2 crystals [1, 2], the generation of oxygen vacancies by forming reduced TiOx [3], and the coupling of two semiconductors, usually TiO2 and a visible-light activated one. Beside the extensively studied anatase [4], its polymorphic rutile phase was generally limited to the cosmetic field, in plastics and white pigments, due to a good light-scattering and light-reflecting effect that protect material from UV light. In photocatalysis, much less attention has been paid to rutile than to anatase. However, rutile is a smaller band gap energy phase (3.0 eV) than the anatase (3.2 eV), and thus has been reported to exhibit interesting photocatalytic act
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