Port efficiency and emissions from ships at berth: application to the Norwegian port sector
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Port efficiency and emissions from ships at berth: application to the Norwegian port sector Kenneth Løvold Rødseth1 · Paal Brevik Wangsness1 · Halvor Schøyen2 · Finn Ragnar Førsund1,3
© Springer Nature Limited 2019
Abstract This paper explores how port efficiency affects the time that ships spend in port and therefore their atmospheric emissions whilst berthed. While the literature on port productivity and efficiency measurement largely ignores this aspect, we explore the biases in the measurement of productivity when resources spent on providing swift cargo-handling are ignored. A distinction is made between ports’ technical and scale efficiencies. Their impacts on environmental productivity (i.e., units of cargo handled per unit of ship emissions) are examined using data envelopment analysis on a unique dataset containing information about the duration of cargo-handling operations in the 25 largest ports in Norway. The results show that adopting best practices can significantly improve environmental productivities: if all ports under consideration become technically productive, the environmental productivity of the entire sample could be 80% higher. Technical efficiency alone would increase average environmental port productivity by 30%. Enhancing traditional port productivity can also substantially improve environmental productivity. Keywords Port productivity · Ship working rate · Most productive scale size · Data envelopment analysis · Air pollution
1 Introduction Policymakers in Norway and Europe view maritime freight transport as a means to achieve a more sustainable transport system and to relieve road congestion. The Norwegian Transport Plan (Meld St. 33, 2016–2017) targets a 30% shift from road * Halvor Schøyen [email protected] 1
Institute of Transport Economics, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
2
University of South-Eastern Norway, P.O. Box 4, 3199 Borre, Norway
3
University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1095, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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to rail or sea for all freight transports exceeding 300 km, in line with the European Union’s objectives put forth in the white paper Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system (European Commission 2011). Ports are vital components of the maritime transport chain. Their cargo-handling productivity consequently plays an important role in determining the competitiveness of maritime transport, vis à vis other transport modes. The time ships spend in port influences carriers’ operating costs (Cullinane and Khanna 2000; Jansson and Schneerson 1987). Moreover, streamlining cargo-handling services can generate benefits throughout supply chains, measured in hours and days saved. Econometric estimates by Hummels and Schaur (2013) suggest that each day that goods are in transit is worth 0.6–2.1% of the value of the good. There is abundant literature which, through econometric or programming techniques,1 addresses the potential for ports to improve their performance
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