Portable electrochemical carbon cloth analysis device for differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry determination
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Portable electrochemical carbon cloth analysis device for differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry determination of Pb2+ Huilan Shi 1,2 & Yuxi Zhang 3 & Fudan Zhu 2 & Xian Zhou 2 & Wenjing Cheng 2 & Fengchun Yang 2 & Weidong Kang 1 & Xin Zhang 2 Received: 16 December 2019 / Accepted: 4 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A novel electrochemical carbon cloth (CC) analysis device (eCAD) is proposed for the determination of Pb2+ in environmental water samples, which was assembled using a single-step functional CC as both the sensing and the substrate material. The modified CC was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectra, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The increase in electrochemical activity is due to the increased defective extent and excellent electrochemical activity of CC. Under optimum conditions (viz. a pH value of 4.5, deposition time of 160 s), the sensor is capable of determining Pb2+ by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) at a typical working potential of − 1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Response is linear from 5.0 × 10−9 to 3.0 × 10−6 M Pb2+, and the detection limit is 4.8 nM (at S/N = 3). The sensor was successfully applied to the determination of Pb2+ in real samples, with apparent recoveries from 96.0 to 102.0% and a relative standard deviation of less than 3.4%. In addition, the integration of the sensor with signal collection components has enabled us to realize on-site analysis of Pb2+, which is highlighted as a new generation of electrode platform for the development of a portable analysis device.
Keywords Carbon cloth electrode . Portable analysis device . On-site detection . Determination of Pb2+
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04549-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Fengchun Yang [email protected] * Weidong Kang [email protected] * Xin Zhang [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
2
Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
3
The Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
The determination of heavy metals in environmental samples is very important due to its high toxicity and their accumulation in the environment and living organisms [1–4]. Electrochemical methods, especially electrochemical stripping analysis, have been widely recognized as a powerful tool for the determination of heavy metals due to its low cost, easy operation, high sensitivity, and selectivity [5, 6]. In the traditional electrochemical analysis, due to the disadvantages of
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