Possibility and Prospect for Future Energy Storages
This chapter shows that batteries in the future will be supported by the development of each component material. For example, research on silicon-based anode is discussed and the impact of capacity increase of active materials is estimated. Various types
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Possibility and Prospect for Future Energy Storages Tetsuya Osaka and Hiroki Nara
17.1
Introduction
As mentioned in previous chapters, various efforts have been devoted to improving electric energy storage. Currently, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which are composed of a carbon anode and a transition metal oxide cathode, have been used in various applications such as mobile electronic devices [1], vehicles [2], and energy networks [3, 4]. Small LIBs have become widespread thanks to the development of mobile electronic devices, and now, large LIBs for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are becoming widespread. Consequently, the popularization of HEVs and BEVs will trigger the popularization of large LIBs for energy networks, so-called smart grids [4]. Electric energy storage systems have been widely investigated; they include alloy anode systems [5–8], sulfur cathodes [9], sodium anodes [10, 11], polyvalent ion batteries [12–18], sodium-sulfur batteries [19], metal–air batteries [9], organic batteries [20, 21], redox flow batteries [22], and lithium-ion capacitors [23]. Thus, energy storage comes in various forms. Most of these energy storage systems will be put to practical use in appropriate applications. Nevertheless, LIBs will be used for decades to come, as will lead-acid batteries. As a matter of course, LIBs will be upgraded through improvements to anodes, cathodes, electrolytes, and containers. First of all, capacity increases in anodes will be achieved by the development of alloy anode systems; however, the total energy density of LIBs depends on the balance of all their components. This chapter will discuss this issue and the possibility of enhancing the total energy density of LIBs for the combination of materials on anodes and cathodes. Finally, we will discuss prospects for future energy storage.
T. Osaka • H. Nara (*) Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] T. Osaka and Z. Ogumi (eds.), Nanoscale Technology for Advanced Lithium Batteries, Nanostructure Science and Technology 182, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8675-6_17, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
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17.2
T. Osaka and H. Nara
Silicon Alloy Anodes
Capacity increases of LIBs will be achieved by the development of silicon alloy anodes because of their high theoretical capacity of 4,200 mAh g−1, which is higher than that of conventional graphite anodes (372 mAh g−1). Silicon alloy anodes, in combination with a graphite base material in LIBs, have been put to practical use by some manufacturers. However, the increase in the capacity has been limited so far: the capacity of Si-based anodes is around 120 % of that of a conventional graphite anode. Therefore, research and development of silicon alloy anodes has been going on for over 10 years. Various methods for synthesizing silicon materials exist; these include dry processes, such as chemical vapor deposition [24] and sputtering [25
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