Postmenopausal Diseases and Disorders
Supported by the latest scientific data, this book serves as a guide to the clinical assessment of women’s health during the second half of life (post-reproductive years), including approaches to the management of the most frequent age-related diseases an
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Postmenopausal Diseases and Disorders
Faustino R. Pérez-López Editor
Postmenopausal Diseases and Disorders
Editor Faustino R. Pérez-López Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Zaragoza Facultad de Medicina Zaragoza Spain
ISBN 978-3-030-13935-3 ISBN 978-3-030-13936-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13936-0 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
The second half of female life corresponds to the last years of the reproductive phase and postmenopause. During this period, the specific phenomenon of the menopause occurs, as a consequence of ovarian function cessation, converging in parallel with physical aging. Elder women have specific risk features and disease managements that differ from those of elder men. Therefore, it is clear that due to these differences, medical care should be gender-based. Furthermore, gender biases in medical research have been frequent, and many drugs have not been tested in women before coming into the market. Therefore, it is not surprising that adverse drug reactions are more likely to occur in women than in men due to the lack of gender-oriented research. Science and medicine are continuous processes characterized by the substitution of “old” for “new” evidence. The so-called evidence-based medicine (EBM) refers to clinical decision-making or the indication of interventions based on validated tests or scientific data. Nonetheless, EBM cannot provide answers to all scientific questions or, in many cases, may not provide a sufficient level of quality. Hence, well-designed observational studies may also provide provisional recommendations—and limitations—for clinical inter
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