Potential Applications of Microfluidics to Acute Kidney Injury Associated with Viral Infection
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Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering ( 2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/s12195-020-00649-6
COVID-19
Potential Applications of Microfluidics to Acute Kidney Injury Associated with Viral Infection HOLLY RYAN
1,2
and CHELSEY S. SIMMONS
1,2,3
1
J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; 2Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; and 3Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA (Received 4 June 2020; accepted 19 August 2020) Associate Editor Anubhav Tripathi oversaw the review of this article.
Abstract—The kidneys are susceptible to adverse effects from many diseases, including several that are not tissue-specific. Acute kidney injury is a common complication of systemic diseases such as diabetes, lupus, and certain infections including the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Microfluidic devices are an attractive option for disease modeling, offering the opportunity to utilize human cells, control experimental and environmental conditions, and combine with other onchip devices. For researchers with expertise in microfluidics, this brief perspective highlights potential applications of such devices to studying SARS-CoV-2-induced kidney injury. Keywords—Severe acute respiratory syndrome, bioMEMS, Kidney failure, Organ-on-a-chip.
INTRODUCTION Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been described as a common complication of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In one chart review from South Korea, AKI was found to be a complication in 9.2% of all patients with confirmed infection and in 61.5% of those admitted to intensive care.18 Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain how SARS-CoV-2 may cause AKI, from off-target effects of the inflammatory response to direct infection and death of kidney cells, though no clear correlation between infection and progression to AKI has been established.53 Further research is necAddress correspondence to Chelsey S. Simmons, J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Electronic mail: css@ ufl.edu
essary to investigate the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the kidney and to assist in the development of treatments to avoid AKI. Microfluidic (lF) and ‘‘kidney-on-a-chip’’ systems are particularly well-suited to investigate AKI associated with the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus. In addition to isolation of complex biological variables for mechanistic investigations, such kidney-mimicking lF platforms can utilize human cells at scale for the rapid and high-throughput analysis demanded by this global crisis while recapitulating the dynamic microenvironment of the kidneys. This brief perspective highlights pathophysiological features of SARS-CoV-2 and its resulting disease, COVID-19, that are re
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