Powder Surface Area and Porosity
The rapid growth of interest in powders and their surface properties in many diverse industries prompted the writing of this book for those who have the need to make meaningful measurements without the benefit of years of experience. It is intended as an
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Powder Technology Series Edited by B. Scarlett Department of Chemical Engineering University of Technology Loughborough
Powder Surface Area and Porosity S. Lowell PhD Quantachrome Corporation, USA
Joan E. Shields PhD C. w. Post Center of Long Island University and Quantachrome Corporation, USA
Second Edition
LONDON
NEW YORK
CHAPMAN AN D HALL
First published 1979 as Introduction to Powder Surface Area by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York Second edition 1984 published by Chapman and Hall Ltd 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Published in the USA by Chapman and Hall 733 Third Avenue, New York NYlOOl7
© 1984 S. Lowell and J. E. Shields Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1984 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8953-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-5562-2 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-5562-2 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Lowell, S. Powder surface area and porosity.-2nd ed.(Powder technology series) 1. Powders-Surfaces 2. Surfaces-Areas and volumes 1. Title II. Shields, Joan E. III. Lowell, S. Introduction to powder surface area IV. Series 620'.43 TA418.78
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lowell, S. (Seymour), 1931Powder surface area and porosity. (powder technology series) Rev. ed. of: Introduction to powder surface area. 1979. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Powders. 2. Surfaces-Areas and volumes. 3. Porosity. 1. Shields, Joan E. II. Lowell, S. (Seymour), 1931. Introduction to powder surface area. III. Title. IV. Series. 620'.43 83-26153 TA418.78.L68 1984
Contents
Preface
xi
List of symbols
xii
PART I
1
THEORETICAL
1 Introduction 1.1 Real surfaces 1.2 Factors affecting surface area 1.3 Surface area from size distributions
3
3 3 5
2
Gas adsorption 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Physical and chemical adsorption 2.3 Physical adsorption forces
7 8 10
3
Adsorption isotherms
11
4 Langmuir and BET theories 4.1 The Langmuir isotherm, type I 4.2 The Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) theory 4.3 Surface areas from the BET equation 4.4 The meaning of monolayer coverage 4.5 The BET constant and site occupancy 4.6 Applicability of the BET theory 4.7 Some criticism of the BET theory 5
The single point BET method 5.1 Derivation of the single-point method v
7
14
14 17 22 23 24 25 28
30
30
vi
Contents
5.2 Comparison of the single-point and multipoint methods
31
single-point methods
32
5.3 Further comparisons of the multi- and 6 Adsorbate cross-sectional areas 6.l Cross-sectional areas from the liquid molar volume 6.2 Nitrogen as the standard adsorbate 6.3 Some adsorbate cross-sectional areas
36
7 Other surface area methods 7.l Harkins and Jura relative method 7.2 Harkins and Jura absolute method 7.3 Permeametry
44
8 Pore analysis by adsorption 8.1 The Kelvin equ
