Precision medicine in the era of artificial intelligence: implications in chronic disease management
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Journal of Translational Medicine Open Access
REVIEW
Precision medicine in the era of artificial intelligence: implications in chronic disease management Murugan Subramanian1,2, Anne Wojtusciszyn3, Lucie Favre3, Sabri Boughorbel4, Jingxuan Shan2,5, Khaled B. Letaief6, Nelly Pitteloud3* and Lotfi Chouchane1,2,5*
Abstract Aberrant metabolism is the root cause of several serious health issues, creating a huge burden to health and leading to diminished life expectancy. A dysregulated metabolism induces the secretion of several molecules which in turn trigger the inflammatory pathway. Inflammation is the natural reaction of the immune system to a variety of stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, and harmful substances. Metabolically triggered inflammation, also called metaflammation or low-grade chronic inflammation, is the consequence of a synergic interaction between the host and the exposome—a combination of environmental drivers, including diet, lifestyle, pollutants and other factors throughout the life span of an individual. Various levels of chronic inflammation are associated with several lifestylerelated diseases such as diabetes, obesity, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), cancers, cardiovascular disorders (CVDs), autoimmune diseases, and chronic lung diseases. Chronic diseases are a growing concern worldwide, placing a heavy burden on individuals, families, governments, and health-care systems. New strategies are needed to empower communities worldwide to prevent and treat these diseases. Precision medicine provides a model for the next generation of lifestyle modification. This will capitalize on the dynamic interaction between an individual’s biology, lifestyle, behavior, and environment. The aim of precision medicine is to design and improve diagnosis, therapeutics and prognostication through the use of large complex datasets that incorporate individual gene, function, and environmental variations. The implementation of high-performance computing (HPC) and artificial intelligence (AI) can predict risks with greater accuracy based on available multidimensional clinical and biological datasets. AIpowered precision medicine provides clinicians with an opportunity to specifically tailor early interventions to each individual. In this article, we discuss the strengths and limitations of existing and evolving recent, data-driven technologies, such as AI, in preventing, treating and reversing lifestyle-related diseases. Keywords: Exposome, Chronic inflammation, Chronic diseases, Precision medicine, Personalized treatment, Deep phenotyping, Big-data analytics, Machine leaning, Artificial intelligence
*Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA 3 Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Introduction The average lifespan of humans has more than doubled in
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