Predicting the relationships between gut microbiota and mental disorders with knowledge graphs
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Health Information Science and Systems
RESEARCH
Predicting the relationships between gut microbiota and mental disorders with knowledge graphs Ting Liu1,2, Xueli Pan1, Xu Wang1, K. Anton Feenstra2, Jaap Heringa2 and Zhisheng Huang1,3*
Abstract Gut microbiota produce and modulate the production of neurotransmitters which have been implicated in mental disorders. Neurotransmitters may act as ‘matchmaker’ between gut microbiota imbalance and mental disorders. Most of the relevant research effort goes into the relationship between gut microbiota and neurotransmitters and the other between neurotransmitters and mental disorders, while few studies collect and analyze the dispersed research results in systematic ways. We therefore gather the dispersed results that in the existing studies into a structured knowledge base for identifying and predicting the potential relationships between gut microbiota and mental disorders. In this study, we propose to construct a gut microbiota knowledge graph for mental disorder, which named as MiKG4MD. It is extendable by linking to future ontologies by just adding new relationships between existing information and new entities. This extendibility is emphasized for the integration with existing popular ontologies/terminologies, e.g. UMLS, MeSH, and KEGG. We demonstrate the performance of MiKG4MD with three SPARQL query test cases. Results show that the MiKG4MD knowledge graph is an effective method to predict the relationships between gut microbiota and mental disorders. Keywords: Knowledge graph, Mental disorders, Neurotransmitters, Microbiota-gut–brain axis, Biomedical ontology, Gut microbiota Introduction The microbiota-gut–brain axis used to describe the complex networks and relationships between gut microbiota and the host, which reflects the inextricable association between gut microbiota and the mental health of the host [1]. A growing body of evidence points toward that gut microbiota play a role in the development of mental disorders [2]. The composition and diversity of gut microbiota in depressed patients *Correspondence: [email protected] 3 Brain Protection Innovation Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
significantly differ from those in healthy controls [3]. Gut microbiota have been implicated in many different mental disorders, e.g. eating disorders [4] and sleeping disorders [5], in humans. The underlying theory is that gut microbiota influence the mental health of the host by regulating the level of neurotransmitters [6]. On the one hand, gut microbiota produce or modulate the production of neurotransmitters [7]. Lactobacillus plantarum, a lactic acid-producing bacterium, increased both serotonin and dopamine levels in germ-free mice [8]. The family of Bacillus and Escherichia generate dopamine and/or norepinephrine [9], while GABA produced by the certain species of Lactobacillus [6]. Gut microbiota promote the synthesis of histamine [10] and acetylcholine [11] in vivo. On the other hand
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