Prenatal Tobacco and Cannabis Exposure: Associations with Cortisol Reactivity in Early School Age Children
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SPECIAL ISSUE: SALIVARY BIOSCIENCE
Prenatal Tobacco and Cannabis Exposure: Associations with Cortisol Reactivity in Early School Age Children Rina D. Eiden 1 & Shannon Shisler 2 Marilyn A. Huestis 4
&
Douglas A. Granger 3 & Pamela Schuetze 2
&
Jaqlyn Colangelo 2 &
# International Society of Behavioral Medicine 2020
Abstract Background The study examined the association between prenatal tobacco or co-exposure to tobacco and cannabis and children’s cortisol reactivity at kindergarten age and the role of child sex, maternal negative mood (depression/perceived stress), and parenting behavior during play interactions as moderators of this association. Methods The sample was 238 mother-child dyads (67 tobacco users, 83 co-users of tobacco and cannabis, and 88 non-users). Data used were obtained from pregnancy assessments and six postnatal assessments at 2, 9, 16, 24, and 36 months and kindergarten age. Infant cortisol was measured in response to two laboratory stress paradigms. Results Co-exposed children had a significantly greater decrease from pre-stressor to post-stressor and overall lower cortisol response compared with non-exposed children. This association was moderated by maternal harshness during play interactions across early childhood. Co-exposed children had flatter cortisol responses regardless of the mother’s level of harshness or stress/ depression. However, non-exposed children who experienced low harshness had the normative cortisol peak 20 min poststressor, while non-exposed children with high maternal harshness had a flatter cortisol pattern. Similarly, non-exposed children with more depressed/stressed mothers had higher pre-stressor cortisol levels, while those who experienced low maternal depression/stress had lower pre-stressor cortisol but peaked post-stress. Conclusions Results suggest that prenatal polysubstance exposure is associated with greater risk for lower cortisol response in children and highlight the role of parenting behavior for non-exposed but not the co-exposed children. Keywords Cortisol . Prenatal . Tobacco . Cannabis . Parenting . Maternal depression
Introduction Tobacco and cannabis are two of the most commonly used substances among pregnant women, with rates of tobacco use
ranging from 18 to 27% with even higher rates among young, low-income women [1]. Tobacco is often used with cannabis, with rates of co-use as high as 45% [2], but the literature on the effects of co-use on child outcomes is limited. This is a critical
* Rina D. Eiden [email protected]
Marilyn A. Huestis [email protected] 1
Douglas A. Granger [email protected]
Department of Psychology & Consortium for Combating Substance Abuse, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16870, USA
2
Pamela Schuetze [email protected]
University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
3
Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Jaqlyn Colangelo [email protected]
4
Institute on Emerging Health Professions, Thomas
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