Preparing graphene-based anodes with enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Preparing graphene-based anodes with enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries Mahshid Ershadi 1,2 & Mehran Javanbakht 1,2 & Sayed Ahmad Mozaffari 2,3 & Beniamin Zahiri 4 Received: 6 November 2019 / Revised: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 24 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The present study investigates the structural and chemical factors contributing to the performance of graphene oxide anode materials produced by Hummers (GOH) and Tour (GOT) for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The GO synthesized by these methods were studied using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thorough electrochemical analysis including cycling stability, rate capability, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were also conducted. We show that the improved performance of GOT (almost twice) compared with that of GOH is due to the key role of the protective agent (H3PO4) in reducing/inhibiting the hole formation during the synthesis of the GOT surface which in turn results in superior cycling performance over the GOH. The results and proposed mechanism presented in this work elucidates the role of structural factors and defects in preparing graphene-based anodes with enhanced electrochemical efficiency. Keywords Lithium-ion batteries . Graphene oxide . Tour method . Hummers method . Graphene-based anode
Introduction The scarcity of energy sources has led many countries to research, find, and demand new investments in energy resources and storage devices [1ā3]. Due to possessing high energy density, long lifetime, and low environmental pollution, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have found application in many applications including electronics and transportation. [4ā6]. Many studies have been dedicated to finding suitable electrode materials that can increase the storage capacity of lithium ions [7]. Additionally, achieving high-capacity anode and cathode materials with cycling stability is crucial [8]. Among * Mehran Javanbakht [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
2
Renewable Energy Research Center, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
4
Clean Energy Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
various materials employed as the LIB electrode and Li-S batteries [9ā11], carbon-based materials such as graphite have received dramatic attention. The intercalation of Li+ in the carbon layers brings about relatively good cyclability, and its environmental-friendly and safer use make them as a reliable anode material compared with the lithium metal anode [12]. However, it has disadvantages compared with other anode carbons, including low theoretical capacity (372 mAh gā1
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