Prevalence and Bayesian Phylogenetics of Enteroviruses Derived From Environmental Surveillance Around Polio Vaccine Swit
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Prevalence and Bayesian Phylogenetics of Enteroviruses Derived From Environmental Surveillance Around Polio Vaccine Switch Period in Shandong Province, China Chenxu Zhao1 · Xiaojuan Lin2 · Feng Ji2 · Ping Xiong2 · Yao Liu2 · Suting Wang2 · Peng Chen3 · Qing Xu2 · Li Zhang2 · Zexin Tao2 · Aiqiang Xu1,2 Received: 30 July 2020 / Accepted: 22 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract We present the results of environmental surveillance for poliovirus (PV) and non-poliovirus (NPEV) around the switch from trivalent to bivalent oral polio-vaccine (OPV) which occurred in China in May 2016. Sewage samples were collected in Jinan and Linyi city from 2015 to 2017. Enterovirus (EV) isolation, VP1 amplification, Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Among105 sewage samples (36 in Jinan and 69 in Linyi), 101 were positive for EV, with 74.3% (78/105) PV-positive samples and 90.5% (95/105) NPEV-positive samples. A total of 893 EV isolates were obtained, including 326 (36.5%) PVs and 567 (63.5%) NPEVs. Echovirus (E) -11 was the most common serotype out of 18 detected NPEV types (120/567), followed by E-3 (75/567) and E-6 (74/567). PV2 vanished and PV3 came to be the ascendant PV type in sewage after May 2016. Eight PV isolates were judged as pre-vaccine-derived poliovirus (pre-VDPV) and no VDPV or wild PV isolates were monitored. Bayesian phylogenetics demonstrated global E-11 originated in 1876 and evolved with the estimated rate of 4.63 × 10–3 nucleotide substitutions per site per year (s/s/y). Multiple circulating clusters that originated at different times were coexisting in Shandong province. The most recently common ancestor of global coxsackievirus B5 could date back to 1867, at the evolutionary rate of 3.95 × 10–3 s/s/y. In conclusion, our study described the changes of PVs and NPEVs around the polio vaccine switch period and provided meaningful global molecular epidemiological data for further studies of EV-related diseases among the population. Keywords Enterovirus · Environmental surveillance · Phylogenetic characterization · Epidemiology
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-020-09449-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Enterovirus (EV) is small non-enveloped positive-strand RNA virus belonging to family Picornaviridae, order Picornavirales, classified into 15 species up to now: Enterovirus A (EV-A) to EV-L, and Rhinovirus A(RVA) to RV-C (Walker et al. 2019). Four species of EV,
* Zexin Tao [email protected] * Aiqiang Xu [email protected] 1
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease
2
Control and Prevention, 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China 3
Hospital of Stomatology
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