Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Aichivirus in Environmental Waters in Thailand
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Aichivirus in Environmental Waters in Thailand Kattareeya Kumthip1,2 · Pattara Khamrin1,2 · Arpaporn Yodmeeklin1,2 · Niwat Maneekarn1,2 Received: 15 June 2020 / Accepted: 29 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Aichivirus 1 (AiV-1) is an enteric virus that has been documented to be the causative agent of diarrhea in humans. It is transmitted by fecal–oral route, through person-to-person contact, consumption of contaminated food or water, or recreation of contaminated water. AiV-1 is highly prevalent in water samples and has been proposed as a potential indicator of fecal contamination in water reservoirs. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of AiV-1 in environmental water samples in Thailand. A total of 126 samples were collected monthly from November 2016 to July 2018 from various sources of environmental water including irrigation water, reservoir, river, and wastewater. The presence of AiV-1 was detected by RT-nested PCR of the 3CD region and further analyzed by phylogenetic analysis. The AiV-1 was detected in 28 out of 126 (22.2%) of tested samples. A high frequency of AiV-1 detection was in wastewater (52.4%). All 28 AiV-1 strains detected in this study belonged to the genotype B and were closely related to AiV strains detected previously in environmental waters and in humans worldwide. This study demonstrated, for the first time, the contamination of AiV-1 in various sources of water samples in Thailand and provided a better insight into the prevalence of AiV-1 in environmental waters and its potential risk of human health. Keywords Aichivirus · Diarrhea · Environmental water · Gastroenteritis · Thailand
Introduction Aichiviruses or kobuviruses, belonging to the genus Kobivirus in the Picornaviridae family, are small, non-enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 8200–8400 nucleotides (nt) in length. The genome contains a single open-reading frame encoding for a single polyprotein that is cleaved into structural proteins (VP0, VP3, and VP1) and non-structural proteins (2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D) (Yamashita et al. 1998; Reuter et al. 2009). Based on genome organization and nucleotide sequence, Aichiviruses are classified into 6 species, Aichivirus A, Aichivirus B, Aichivirus C, Aichivirus D, Aichivirus E, and Aichivirus F (Roland et al. 2016). Human Aichivirus 1 (AiV-1), a member of Aichivirus A, is further divided into * Niwat Maneekarn [email protected] 1
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Emerging and Re‑emerging Diarrheal Viruses Cluster, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
2
3 genotypes (A, B, and C) based on nucleotide analysis of the 3CD junction region (Yamashita et al. 2000; AmbertBalay et al. 2008). AiV-1 has been documented to be a causative agent of diarrhea in children involving 0.2–4.1% of cases (Kumthip and Maneekarn 2
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