Prevalence of anaemia and associated risk factors amongst The Malaysian Cohort participants
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Prevalence of anaemia and associated risk factors amongst The Malaysian Cohort participants Noraidatulakma Abdullah 1 & Norliza Ismail 1 & Nazihah Abd Jalal 1 & Farazela Mohd Radin 1 & Raihannah Othman 1 & Azwa Shazwani Kamalul Arifin 1 & Mohd Arman Kamaruddin 1 & Rahman Jamal 1 Received: 6 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of anaemia amongst the Malaysian Cohort participants and the associated risk factors. This was a cross-sectional study that involved 102,388 participants from The Malaysian Cohort (TMC) aged between 35 and 70 years old recruited from April 2006 to September 2012. Venous blood was taken for the full blood count. The prevalence of anaemia was 13.8% with majority having the microcytic-hypochromic type (59.7%). Comparison between the ethnic groups showed that Indians have the highest prevalence of anaemia (19.9%), followed by Malays (13.1%), and Chinese (12.0%). The prevalence of anaemia was substantially higher in females (20.1%) compared to males (4.9%). Amongst the female participants, the prevalence of anaemia was highest amongst those who were younger than 49 years old and decreased as the age increased. In contrast, the prevalence of anaemia in males increased with age. Gender, ethnicity, age, marital status, presence of platelet disorders and kidney disease were significant risk factors associated with anaemia and contributed to 14.9% of the risk of developing anaemia in this population. The prevalence of anaemia amongst the Malaysian Cohort participants is 13.8% with the majority having the microcytic and hypochromic type implying iron deficiency as the main cause. It is important that those who have anaemia be further investigated and treated. Keywords Anaemia . Microcystic hypochromic . The Malaysian Cohort . Asian population
Introduction Anaemia is a condition in which the red blood cell count or haemoglobin is less than normal. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has reported that approximately 1.62 billion individuals around the world suffer from anaemia, which corresponds to almost one-fourth of the global population [1]. Out of these, it was estimated that 468 million nonpregnant reproductive women were mostly affected [2]. Even in the developed countries such as the United States of America (USA), the prevalence of anaemia has been reported ranging from 4.0 to 7.0% [3]. In Malaysia, the National Health Morbidity Survey (NHMS) in 2015 showed a prevalence of
* Rahman Jamal [email protected] 1
UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
anaemia of 24.6%, with a higher prevalence in females (35.5%) compared to males (14.3%) [4]. There are four types of anaemia based on the aetiology, which are nutritional deficiency anaemia, anaemia of chronic diseases, anaemia due to blood loss or increased red blood cell destruction (haemo
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