Prevalence of and risk factors for HBV and HCV among incarcerated people who inject drugs in Iran: A cross sectional stu
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Prevalence of and risk factors for HBV and HCV among incarcerated people who inject drugs in Iran: A cross sectional study Ghobad Moradi1, Parvin Mohamadi2, Bushra Zareie1,3, Mohammad Aziz Rasouli1,3, Mohammad Mehdi Gouya4 and Saeede Jafari5*
Abstract Background: This study aimed at determining the prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among incarcerated people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran in 2015–16. Methods: The required data was collected from a database provided by Iranian national bio-behavioral surveillance surveys (BBSSs) on 11,988 prisoners selected from among 55 prisons in 19 provinces in 2015–16. The data on demographics and behavioral variables were collected through interviews and the status of exposure to HBV and HCV were determined using ELISA blood test. A total of 1387 individuals with a history of drug injection in their lifetime were enrolled into the study. Data were analyzed using the survey package in Stata/SE software, Version 14.0. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression tests were used to investigate the relationships between risk factors and outcomes. Results: The mean age of the incarcerated PWID was 36.83 ± 8.13 years. Of all the studied subjects, 98.46% were male and 50.97% were married. The prevalence of HCV and HBV among the subjects were 40.52 and 2.46%, respectively. The prevalence of HCV was associated with age ≥ 30 years, being single, illiteracy and low level of education, prison term> 5 years, history of piercing, and extramarital sex in lifetime (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of HCV is alarmingly high. In general, it is recommended to adopt measures to screen and treat patients with HCV and vaccinat incarcerated PWID without a history of vaccination against HBV. Keywords: HCV, HBV, Iran, Prevalence, Prison, PWID
Background Viral hepatitis is currently one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide [1]. Unlike the declining trend of the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, the burden of hepatitis is increasing worldwide and 96% of the deaths from hepatitis are related to two main types of viral hepatitis, namely hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus * Correspondence: [email protected] 5 Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Ave, Sanandaj, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
(HCV) [2]. Although both of them are preventable and HCV is even treatable, the diseases caused by these viruses are considered as health challenges. There are differences between HBV and HCV in terms of prevalence that are attributed to differences between their geographic distribution. HBV is more common in Africa and the Western Pacific Region while HCV is more common in the Eastern Mediterranean and European region. However, according to recent reports published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence of HBV and HCV worldwide in 2015 were 3.5 and
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