Prevalence of Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome in a Migrant Mixtec Population, Baja California, Mexico
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Prevalence of Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome in a Migrant Mixtec Population, Baja California, Mexico David Goodman • Miguel A. Fraga • Stephanie Brodine • Maria-de-la-Luz Ibarra Richard S. Garfein
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Published online: 9 September 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome (MS) and diabetes among a migrant Mixtec population residing in San Quintin, Baja California, Mexico. A cross-sectional study utilizing data collected during a 2-day clinic in 2008 in a rural farming community with a high prevalence of Mixtec Indians. Interviews and clinical examinations were performed to assess sociodemographic data, medical history and anthropometric measures. Blood samples were obtained to measure glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL. Of the 107 patients surveyed, 56 % were female and mean age was 38.5 (range: 18–74, SD = 12.6) years. Overall, 41.1 % had MS and 26.2 % had diabetes. Drinking alcohol more than once a week [adjusted OR (AOR) = 16.0, p = 0.008] and being literate (AOR = 0.38, p = 0.035) were independently associated with MS. Only female gender was significantly associated with diabetes (OR = 3.95, p = 0.005). The high prevalence of MS, diabetes and other metabolic abnormalities among migrant farm workers in San Quintin suggest the need for interventions to reduce the risk for these conditions.
D. Goodman R. S. Garfein (&) Division of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mailstop 0507, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0507, USA e-mail: [email protected] M. A. Fraga Maria-de-la-Luz Ibarra Facultad de Medicina y Psicologı´a, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico S. Brodine Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
Keywords Mexico
Metabolic syndrome Diabetes Mixtec
Background Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a worldwide health problem. Major health organizations have published guidelines to diagnose the syndrome including the World Health Organization [1], National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) [2], the American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) [3], and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) [4], among others. Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), CVD mortality, all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction and stroke [5, 6]. Even though insulin resistance, central to development of diabetes, is one of the defining criteria for MS in certain guidelines [1], the presence of the MS has been found to be an independent risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes [7, 8]. A recent meta-analysis estimated the prevalence of MS in Latin America to be 24.9 % (range: 18.8–43.3 %), with low HDL cholesterol (62.9 %) and abdominal obesity (45.8 %) being the most frequently occurring MS criteria [9]. Bas
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