Preventive approach for overcoming dementia
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Online ISSN 1976-3786 Print ISSN 0253-6269
REVIEW
Preventive approach for overcoming dementia HeeYang Lee1 • DaWon Kim1,2 • Woogyeong Lee2 • Hye Yun Kim2,3 YoungSoo Kim1,2,3
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Received: 9 November 2018 / Accepted: 6 June 2019 Ó The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 2019
Abstract Dementia is used as a general term to describe chronic disorders of mental processes caused by the deterioration of cognitive functions to the extent that one’s ability to perform daily activities is impaired. Currently, age is known to be the main risk factor for dementia, suggesting that the risk of being diagnosed with dementia significantly increases later in one’s life. Therefore, there are two approaches one can take when confronting dementia: to cure it when it occurs in late adulthood or to prevent the onset of symptoms beforehand. Recently, the latter strategy of delaying and preventing Alzheimer’s disease, the most prevalent form and most studied type of dementia, through both pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical interventions is becoming increasingly recognized. In this review, we discuss studies conducted in various fields that addresses nonpharmaceutical lifestyle interventions, including diet, physical activity, cognitive stimulation, and social engagement, and their effects in preventing and inhibiting dementia.
HeeYang Lee and DaWon Kim have contributed equally to this work. & Hye Yun Kim [email protected] & YoungSoo Kim [email protected] 1
Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
3
Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
Keywords Alzheimer’s disease Dementia Lifestyle interventions Nonpharmaceutical interventions Prevention
Introduction Dementia is a chronic disorder of mental processes in which one’s daily life is hindered due to the deterioration of cognitive functions and is one of the most pressing matters for global health. In 2015, approximately 47 million people were reported to be living with dementia (Prince et al. 2015). This number is estimated to gradually increase twice every 20 years, reaching up to 81.1 million by 2040 (Ferri et al. 2005). Moreover, the worldwide cost of dementia was $818 billion in 2015, indicating an increase of 35% since 2010. This number parallels approximately 1% of the entire world’s gross domestic product, demonstrating dementia’s costly impact on the social economy (Wimo et al. 2017). The global cost of dementia is estimated to increase to over $1 trillion as the number of dementia patients continues growing. Dementia is a heterogeneous disease that can be classified into four main types: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies (Chiu et al. 2006). AD accounts for approximately 50–60%, the highest proportion, of all dementia cases (Fig. 1). After AD, vascular dementia comprises the second highest proportion of deme
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