Primary social factors and smoking in Korean adolescents
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Primary social factors and smoking in Korean adolescents Eunmee Lee 1 & Amy M. Kwon 2 Received: 1 May 2020 / Accepted: 14 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Aim The present study aimed to examine the effects of primary social factors on the smoking behaviors according to the smoking stages—initiation and continuation—among Korean adolescents. Subject and methods We used the clustered logistic regression method to examine whether the primary social factors significantly influence smoking behaviors among Korean adolescents at two different stages with a cross-sectional study for 9 years. Results We found that primary social factors significantly influenced adolescent smoking in both stages, and peer effects for adolescent smoking were much clearer in the smoking continuation stage. In addition, adolescents initiating smoking early tend to continue their smoking with high probability. Conclusion The impacts of primary social factors are robust on adolescent smoking, particularly in the smoking continuation stage. Keywords Adolescents . Smoking initiation . Smoking continuation . Family structure . Peers
Introduction Smoking is known as one of the most preventable diseases in the world. There are substantial research studies showing that smoking is a primary risk factor for developing many diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including nicotine dependence (Ezzati et al. 2002; Dick and Ferguson 2015; Freund et al. 1992; Godtfredsen et al. 2001), and it can be a gateway to drinking alcohol and other drug use (CDC 1994). According to previous studies, over 80% of smokers initiated their smoking by the age of 18 (Kessler et al. 1996), and 17% of high school students smoke cigarette almost every day (USDHHS 1998). Regarding this high percentage of smoking initiation among adolescents, smoking is also called as “pediatric disease” (Kessler et al. 1996). Reversely, smoking may have relatively higher chances to be prevented in advance, but smoking rates among adolescents continue to increase (Alexander et al. 2001). * Amy M. Kwon [email protected] 1
Research Institute of Asian Women, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
2
Biostatistics Core, Medicine-Engineering-Bio (MEB) Global Research Development Research Centre, Industry-University Cooperation, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
Accordingly, it is clear that smoking in adolescents is an important public health issue and efforts should be made to understand what drives them to initiate smoking early and to keep their smoking habits. Adolescence is a transitional period of major social role change from childhood to adulthood as well as biological and psychological growth (Sawyer 2018). During this transitional period, adolescents make social contacts with others, and learn naturally by observing others engaged in a behavior and subsequently model those behaviors (Aker 1988; Bandura 1977). Smoking is accepted as an example of the behavior the adolescents l
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