Primates and Their Relatives in Phylogenetic Perspective
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ADVANCES IN PRIMATOLOGY Series Editors:
JOHN G. FLEAGLE State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York R. D. E. MACPHEE American Museum of Natural History New York, New York Editorial Board:
JOHN M. ALLMAN, California Institute ofTechno\ogy, Pasadena, California RUSSELL L. CIOCHON, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa FRAN-::z:
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Fig. 11. Character phylogeny of fetal membrane and basicranial traits in "archon tans" and "glires:' See Table II for characters evaluated. White squares = primitive character states; black squares = derived character states; diagonally lined squares = intermediately derived character states. Note: For characters I, 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 17, several different derived character states, not forming parts of a transformation series, occur in eutherians, so that each derived state is
illustrated separately (and listed separately in Table 11). See text for detailed description and analysis.
size of the allantoic vesicle, more than one intermediately derived character state can be identified. The text should be consulted for further consideration of these intermediate states. It must be emphasized that the "character phylogeny" in Fig. 11 is a summary of the more extensive analysis presented here and in earlier reports (Luckett, 1974, 1975, 1980a,d), and it should not be considered a substitute for careful analysis of homology or homoplasy. Analysis of fetal membrane data corroborates the traditional hypothesis of primate monophyly, in which Tupaiidae, Dermoptera, and Megachiroptera are excluded from the order. Assessments of both fetal membrane and molecular data support identical hypotheses of cladistic relationships among extant primate suborders and superfamilies (cf. Luckett, 1975, 1980a; Goodman, 1975; Goodman et al., 1982; Czelusniak et ai., 1990), and an increasing
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ARCHONTAN FETAL MEMBRANES
number of multidisciplinary analyses of cranial, postcranial, and soft anatomical attributes provide additional corroboration for the strepsirhinehaplorhine dichotomy (MacPhee and Cartmill, 1986; Szalay et al., 1987; Andrews, 1988; Beard et at., 1988, 1991). In the following discussion, emphasis will be devoted to the manner in which fetal membrane data can contribute to resolution of the following controversies: (1) the phyletic position of Tarsiidae within Primates; (2) the monophyly or diphyly of Chiroptera, and the possible affinities of Megachiroptera with Primates; and (3) the possible affinities of Dermoptera with Chiroptera, Megachiroptera, or Primates.
Phyletic Position of Tarsiidae Despite the overwhelming evidence for a close relationship between Tarsius and Anthropoidea, Schwartz (1978, 1986; also Schwartz et al., 1978; Schwartz and T
