Principle and Applications of Immunodiagnostics Using Radioisotope as Tracers
The tremendous improvement in the field of production of radioisotopes and monoclonal antibody and advance instrumentation have revolutionized the use of radioisotope in the field of health care and clinical diagnostics owing to easy, rapid, and cost-effe
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Introduction
The words “Anu” and “Paramanu” are the original Sanskrit text meaning “smallest particle” and “atom,” respectively, have been documented thousands of years back. Ancient sage of India “Acharya Kanad” coined the term “Anu,” while “Paramanu” is described in Brahma Samhita (written 5000 years before) Chap. 5 text 35 (Bhaktisiddhanta 1932). Around 500 BC Greek philosopher predicted the existence of the atom and named it “atomos” meaning “indivisible” and thus get recognition to coin the term. Several centuries have passed, and in 1803, John Dalton (1766–1844) described “atom” commonly known as Dalton’s atomic theory. This theory is widely accepted by the modern science. However, after the mid-nineteenth century, there is a chain of discoveries leading the path of nuclear science of modern age (Kumar et al. 2013).
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History of Radiation and Radionuclides
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the “mysterious rays” later known as the X-ray. This electromagnetic radiation that was used to make visible the unseen organs of the body by creating image was a major revolution in the history of medicine in 1895. Another accidental but remarkable discovery by Antoine Henri Becquerel in March 1896, opens a new path of avenue the phenomena of radioisotope notably known as radioactivity, which was later described by Marie Curie (1898). Ernest Rutherford’s (1911) experiments where the positively charged α-particles were bombarded to the thin gold foils were the first to conclude that there would be empty space in an atom. Because most of the particles passed through the foil undisturbed while a very small S. K. Suman · R. Sharma · C. Kumar (*) Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India e-mail: [email protected] # Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 P. Suman, P. Chandra (eds.), Immunodiagnostic Technologies from Laboratory to Point-Of-Care Testing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5823-8_3
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number of α-particles “bounced back” almost at 180 , confirmed that the atom must be made of a heavy central positive nucleus. Artificial production of radioactivity reported by Irene-Joliot-Curie and Frederic Joliot, in the year 1934, opens a new avenue for the production of several radioisotopes initiated by bombarding with alpha particles and later with neutrons. Radiotracer applications in industry and biology are possible by the pioneering work of George Hevesy (1943) that resulted in the modern day application of radioimmunoassay in medical sciences and tracer based assay in industry and hydrology.
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Production of Radioisotopes
Radioisotopes of an element have unstable nuclear configurations. During the course of attaining nuclear stability, nucleus undergoes re-configuration and in that process several energetic radiations such as alpha (α), beta (β), or gamma (γ) rays are emitted, thus resulting in an isotope of a different element; such phenomena commonly known as radioactivity. Radioisotopes are classified as natural and manmade (artificial). Natural
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