Radioisotope Thin-Film Powered Microsystems
“Radioisotope Thin-Film Powered Microsystems” describes the use of radioisotopes in enabling compact long lifetime wireless sensor Microsystems for applications including environmental, medical and industrial monitoring. The book introduces several novel
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MEMS Reference Shelf Series Editors: Stephen D. Senturia Professor of Electrical Engineering, Emeritus Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts Antonio J. Ricco Small Satellite Division NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California
For other titles in this series, go to: www.springer.com/series/7724
Roger T. Howe Professor Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University Stanford, California
Rajesh Duggirala • Amit Lal Shankar Radhakrishnan
Radioisotope Thin-Film Powered Microsystems
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Rajesh Duggirala Intel Corporation Hillsboro, OR, USA [email protected]
Amit Lal Cornell University School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ithaca, NY, USA [email protected]
Shankar Radhakrishnan Cornell University New York, NY, USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4419-6762-6 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-6763-3 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6763-3 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010933848 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To my grandparents Ammamma and Tatagaru and my parents Usha Rani and Vijaya Sekhar Duggirala Rajesh
I am thankful to my family and grateful to my friends. I am thankful and grateful to my wife for being both. Shankar
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Preface This book presents the technical accomplishments of research that started with the intent of realizing radioisotope micro-power sources suitable for microelectromechanical systems, and subsequently broadened into exploring other micro-scale applications of the unique properties of radioactivity. The text primarily discusses the radioisotope powered electromechanical micro power generators developed as part of the research, and their applications in long lifetime wireless sensors. These electromechanical micro power generators utilize very low quantities of radioisotope fuels, to minimize radiation hazard and safety concerns, and use high efficiency pulsed release of energy to amplify the low power output of low activity radioisotopes by 103 –105 to power microsystems. The text also introduces other micro-scale applications of radioactivity by presenting radioactivity based counting clocks. The success in the demonstration of the above two applications have encouraged us in
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