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G. B¨orner, Garching, Germany A. Burkert, M¨unchen, Germany W. B. Burton, Charlottesville, VA, USA and Leiden, The Netherlands A. Coustenis, Meudon, France M. A. Dopita, Canberra, Australia E. K. Grebel, Heidelberg, Germany B. Leibundgut, Garching, Germany A. Maeder, Sauverny, Switzerland P. Schneider, Bonn, Germany V. Trimble, College Park, MD, and Irvine, CA, USA

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/848

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Andreas Glindemann

Principles of Stellar Interferometry

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Andreas Glindemann European Southern Observatory (ESO) Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2 85748 Garching Germany [email protected]

ISSN 0941-7834 ISBN 978-3-642-15027-2 e-ISBN 978-3-642-15028-9 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15028-9 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011  This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L. Cover photo: Platform of ESO’s VLT Observatory on Cerro Paranal, Chile, at Sunset. Credit: ESO/H.H. Heyer Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To my father

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Preface

Over the last decade, stellar interferometry has developed from a specialist tool to a mainstream observing technique. The user community has expanded well beyond the experts, attracting scientists whose research benefits from milliarcsecond angular resolution. As a result, the number of scientific publications has grown exponentially, showing the same trend as in radio interferometry some 30 years earlier. Stellar interferometry has become part of the astronomer’s toolbox, complementing single telescope observations by providing unique capabilities that will advance astronomical research. While there is a large number of publications dealing with individual topics of interferometric observations and technical developments – all requiring a good level of understanding of the underlying physical principles – there is no text introducing these principles, deriving the relevant properties for interferometry and relating them to interferometric observations. This book provides this information both for the astronomer using interferometry, but not being an interferometrist per se, and for the student starting in this field either to pre