Prior cortical activity differences during an action observation plus motor imagery task related to motor adaptation per
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Prior cortical activity differences during an action observation plus motor imagery task related to motor adaptation performance of a coordinated multi-limb complex task J. Ignacio Serrano1 • Daniel Mun˜oz-Garcı´a2 • Rau´l Ferrer-Pen˜a2 • Victor D’eudeville2 • Marta Brero2 Maxime Boisson2 • M. Dolores del Castillo1
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Received: 11 May 2020 / Revised: 24 August 2020 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Motor adaptation is the ability to develop new motor skills that makes performing a consolidated motor task under different psychophysical conditions possible. There exists a proven relationship between prior brain activity at rest and motor adaptation. However, the brain activity at rest is highly variable both between and within subjects. Here we hypothesize that the cortical activity during the original task to be later adapted is a more reliable and stronger determinant of motor adaptation. Consequently, we present a study to find cortical areas whose activity, both at rest and during first-person virtual reality simulation of bicycle riding, characterizes the subjects who did and did not adapt to ride a reverse steering bicycle, a complex motor adaptation task involving all limbs and balance. The results showed that cortical activity differences during the simulated task were higher, more significant, spatially larger, and spectrally wider than at rest for good performers. In this sense, the activity of the left anterior insula, left dorsolateral and ventrolateral inferior prefrontal areas, and left inferior premotor cortex (action understanding hub of the mirror neuron circuit) during simulated bicycle riding are the areas with the most descriptive power for the ability of adapting the motor task. Trials registration Trial was registered with the NIH Clinical Trials Registry (clinicaltrials.gov), with the registration number NCT02999516 (21/12/2016). Keywords Motor adaptation EEG brain activity Action observation Virtual reality Reverse steering bicycle
Introduction Motor learning is a set of inner processes associated to practice and experience that produces long-term changes in the capability of performing motor tasks (Cano-de-laCuerda et al. 2015). Motor skills such as riding a bicycle
& J. Ignacio Serrano [email protected] 1
Neural and Cognitive Engineering Group (gNeC), Centro de Automa´tica y Robo´tica (CAR) CSIC-UPM, Ctra. Campo Real km 0.200 – La Poveda, Arganda Del Rey, 28500 Madrid, Spain
2
Departamento de Fisioterapia and Motion in Brains Research Group, Instituto de Neurociencias y Ciencias del Movimiento, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Auto´noma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
are acquired through repetitive training (Willingham 1998; Seidler et al. 2012). Once they are fully learned, they are automated and hard-wired in the brain. After that, if you want to change the way a motor skill is performed or you want to perform it under non-familiar condition
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