Probability in Physics
What is the role and meaning of probability in physical theory, in particular in two of the most successful theories of our age, quantum physics and statistical mechanics? Laws once conceived as universal and deterministic, such as Newton‘s
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GMOfinder—A GMO Screening Database Lars Gerdes & Ulrich Busch & Sven Pecoraro
Received: 23 August 2011 / Accepted: 13 February 2012 / Published online: 9 March 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract The development and cultivation of genetically modified crops is still increasing globally. Food and feed imports from outside the European Union (EU) will subsequently require more effort from the responsible authorities in monitoring the compliance with effective labelling regulations. The aim of this study was the development of the GMOfinder, a database for collection and interpretation of information related to the screening for genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Different genetic elements (e.g. promoters, terminators, structural genes) are artificially introduced into plants to establish new genetic modifications. The introduced elements may vary between GMO events, depending on the intended trait(s). Screening for such inserted elements with (real-time) polymerase chain reaction is a common first step to analyse samples for the presence of any genetical modification. From the pattern of detectable and nondetectable elements, valuable conclusions about the identity of putative present GMO event(s) can be drawn with the GMOfinder. Information about selected genetic elements from the literature, applications for authorisation and other (web) sources were systematically integrated in a tabular matrix format. Special care was taken to additionally record the sources of the information, thus facilitating evaluation of screening results, and tracing of possible errors in the matrix. The GMOfinder accesses data from the element matrix with implemented algorithms and facilitates to Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12161-012-9378-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. L. Gerdes : U. Busch : S. Pecoraro (*) Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Veterinärstr. 2, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.lgl.bayern.de/
interpret the outcome of screenings. Such a preselection helps to systematically narrow down the candidates for subsequent identification reactions. Optional display of events with potentially masked elements completes the included features. Keywords Genetically modified organism (GMO) . Matrix of genetic elements . Screening . Food control . Feed control . Seed control Abbreviations BVL German Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety EFSA European Food Safety Authority EURL-GMFF European Reference Laboratory for GM Food and Feed GMO Genetically modified organism LGL Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority QM Quality management UI Unique identifier
Introduction An important task of the official food and feed control in the European Union (EU) is to ensure the absence of potentially harmful unauthorised products from the common market. This mission is accomplished mostly by monitoring the compliance with corresponding regulations rela
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