Probiotics in the prophylaxis of COVID-19: something is better than nothing
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Probiotics in the prophylaxis of COVID‑19: something is better than nothing Kushal Gohil1,2 · Rachel Samson1,2 · Syed Dastager1,2 · Mahesh Dharne1,2 Received: 11 July 2020 / Accepted: 12 November 2020 © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020
Abstract The new viral pandemic of COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that has brought the world at another unprecedented crisis in terms of health and economy. The lack of specific therapeutics necessitates other strategies to prevent the spread of infection caused by this previously unknown viral etiological agent. Recent pieces of evidence have shown an association between COVID-19 disease and intestinal dysbiosis. Probiotics comprise living microbes that upon oral administration benefit human health by reshaping the composition of gut microbiota. The close kinship of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract suggests why the dysfunction of one may incite illness in others. The emerging studies suggest the capability of probiotics to regulate immune responses in the respiratory system. The efficacy of probiotics has been studied previously on several respiratory tract viral infections. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to comprehend existing information on the gut mediated-pulmonary immunity conferred by probiotic bacteria, in the course of respiratory virus infections and administration as a prophylactic measure in COVID-19 pandemic in managing intestinal dysbiosis as well. Keywords Probiotics · Gut-lung axis · Anti-viral · COVID-19 · Respiratory tract infection
Introduction Acute respiratory tract infections (pneumonia, influenza, enterovirus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus infections) accounts for one of the major causes of death and debility worldwide (Soriano et al. 2020). A majority of these infections are caused by DNA/RNA viruses. Infections associated with RNA viruses are notable than those caused by DNA viruses (Zolnikova et al. 2018). Coronaviruses, in particular, represent a highly important emerging RNA virus family causing respiratory infections (Su et al. 2016). The recent ‘Coronavirus disease 2019’ (COVID-19) pandemic causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Some patients with COVID-19 showed a striking dysbiosis in the Kushal Gohil and Rachel Samson contributed equally. * Mahesh Dharne [email protected] 1
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
2
probiotic group of intestinal microbes such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Xu et al. 2020). In addition, some reports have confirmed a relationship between gut microbiota, secondary gut infection, and COVID-19 disease (Gu et al. 2020; Yeo et al. 2020; Gao et al. 2020). Furthermore, some reports have shown the presence of RNA of SARSCoV-2 in fecal samples of some infected patients that tested negative for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their respiratory samples
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