Proceedings of the International Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (ICSTSS) 2012
This biannual conference in Pahang, Malaysia, is a clearing house for many of the latest research findings in a highly multidisciplinary field. The contributions span a host of academic disciplines which are themselves rapidly evolving, making this collec
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ngs of the International Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (ICSTSS) 2012
Proceedings of the International Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (ICSTSS) 2012
Azman Kasim • Wan Siti Atikah Wan Omar Nor Hidayatun Abdul Razak Nor Lailatul Wahidah Musa Roslilee Ab. Halim • Siti Rosiah Mohamed Editors
Proceedings of the International Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (ICSTSS) 2012
Editors Azman Kasim Wan Siti Atikah Wan Omar Nor Hidayatun Abdul Razak Nor Lailatul Wahidah Musa Roslilee Ab. Halim Siti Rosiah Mohamed Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, Malaysia
ISBN 978-981-287-076-6 ISBN 978-981-287-077-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-077-3 Springer Singapore Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014956667 © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
The International Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences 2012 (ICSTSS 2012) is a bi-annual conference on science, technology and social sciences organized by the Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Pahang. ICSTSS 2012 covered recent advancements and trends in the various disciplines in Science, Technology and Social Sciences to f
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