Procuring the nano-scale lignin in prehydrolyzate as ingredient to prepare cellulose nanofibril composite film with mult
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Procuring the nano-scale lignin in prehydrolyzate as ingredient to prepare cellulose nanofibril composite film with multiple functions Caoxing Huang . Huiling Dong . Zhipeng Zhang . Huiyang Bian . Qiang Yong
Received: 13 June 2020 / Revised: 26 August 2020 / Accepted: 29 August 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Cellulose is lack of UV-blocking and antibacterial properties, which have limited its application. In this work, the nanoscale lignin with high content of hydroxyl groups and small particle size in prehydrolysate was isolated and used as a green reinforcement ingredient for fabrication of cellulose nanofibril (CNF) films with excellent mechanical properties, as well as UV protection and antibacterial capabilities. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses showed that the resulting lignin was in the form of nanoparticles (6–12 nm) with high phenolic hydroxyl contents (4.9 mmol/g). The optimum lignin inclusion rate of 5% allowed it to reinforce CNF composite film, increasing its tensile strength from 108.5 to 143.3 MPa. In addition, the film exhibited excellent UV protection capabilities. It blocked 91.5% of UV-A and 99.9% of UV-B light. Finally, the
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03427-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. C. Huang H. Dong Z. Zhang Q. Yong (&) Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China e-mail: [email protected] H. Bian College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
resulting lignin-based CNF films exhibited antibacterial activities against both Escherichia coli and Streptococcus hemolyticus. This work demonstrates the utility of nanoscale lignin from prehydrolysate can be used to produce cellulose-based composite films with valuable properties. Keywords Lignin Cellulose film composite UVblocking property Antibacterial activity
Introduction Cellulose, the primary structural component within lignocellulosic biomass, is heavily relied upon for production of various materials (Han et al. 2019; Lin et al. 2019; Seki et al. 2014). Among the cellulose derivatives, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are considered to be attractive precursors for preparation of nanofibre-reinforced composites, catalysts, microelectronics, electro-optical film, and other high-performance materials (Guo et al. 2018; Bian et al. 2019; Sadeghifar et al. 2017a, b; Du et al. 2019). Interest in CNFs is due to their properties of high specific strengths, aspect ratios, and Young’s moduli, as well as large specific surface areas and environmentally friendly origins (Imani et al. 2019). However, CNFs have shortcomings of inability to block UV rays and inhibit bacterial growth, which have limited their application (Yu et al. 2019;Wang et
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