Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibers with gradient lignin content obtained from cotton gin motes and cotton gin trash
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibers with gradient lignin content obtained from cotton gin motes and cotton gin trash Jacobs H. Jordan . Michael W. Easson Qinglin Wu . Brian D. Condon
. Stephanie Thompson
.
Received: 26 June 2020 / Accepted: 19 October 2020 Ó This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2020
Abstract The use of agricultural waste and residues in composite materials is a potential high-value commercial application for underutilized renewable resources and provides alternative commercial markets to the agricultural industry. Cotton gin trash (CGT) and cotton gin motes (CGM) are underutilized low-value commodities that are attractive targets due to their high cellulose content; however, each contains various amounts of lignin, hemicellulose and other components that impede their utilization as commercial products. In this work, lignin-containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNFs) with gradient degrees of lignin
content were prepared from CGT and CGM. Analyses showed the lignin content and other components affected the physical properties of LCNFs, modestly altering their thermal stability and crystallinity. The degree of polymerization (DP) was smaller after successive rounds of processing and was also dependent upon the source (CGT or CGM) with CGT providing nanofibers with a smaller DP than CGM. This translated into slightly different suspension viscoelastic behavior as determined by rheological measurements.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03549-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. J. H. Jordan M. W. Easson (&) B. D. Condon US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA e-mail: [email protected] S. Thompson The National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA Q. Wu School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Cellulose
Graphic abstract
Keywords Agroindustrial waste Bioproducts Cotton cellulose Cellulose nanofiber Nanocellulose Lignin
Introduction Cotton gin motes (CGM) are immature cotton seeds surrounded by entangled immature cotton fibers. Cotton gin trash (CGT) consists of the stems, sticks, leaves, and dirt ginned from bales of cotton feedstock. Cotton ginning removes 100–700 lb of CGT for every 480-pound bale of cotton produced. In 2019, the US production of cotton was 20.1 million bales, which represents ca. one million tons of CGT which must be handled and roughly 200,000 tons of CGM readily available for production (Statista.com 2020). Currently, CGM and CGT have been used as a fiber supplement and filler for cattle feed, while large amounts of CGT are di
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