Production of aqueous spherical gold nanoparticles using conventional ultrasonic bath
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NANO EXPRESS
Open Access
Production of aqueous spherical gold nanoparticles using conventional ultrasonic bath Ji-Hwan Lee1, Stephen U S Choi1, Seok Pil Jang2* and Seoung Youn Lee2
Abstract A conventional ultrasonic bath was used to examine the feasibility of forming aqueous spherical gold nanoparticles (GNPs) under atmospheric conditions. The effects of ultrasonic energy on the size and morphology of GNPs were also investigated. Highly monodispersed spherical GNPs were successfully synthesised by sodium citrate reduction in a conventional ultrasonic bath, without an additional heater or magnetic stirrer, as evidenced by ultraviolet–visible spectra and transmission electron microscopy. Ultrasonic energy was shown to be a key parameter for producing spherical GNPs of tunable sizes (20 to 50 nm). A proposed scheme for understanding the role of ultrasonic energy in the formation and growth of GNPs was discussed. The simple single-step method using just a conventional ultrasonic bath as demonstrated in this study offers new opportunities in the production of aqueous suspensions of monodispersed spherical GNPs. Keywords: Spherical gold nanoparticle, Ultrasonic bath, Ultrasonic energy
Background Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have generated much interest due to their unique and attractive physical and chemical properties, such as high thermal and electrical conductivity, photothermal effects, tunable size and shape dependent optical properties, chemical stability, biocompatibility and facile functionalisation, and are used in a wide range of applications including material science, catalysis, biomedicine, and quantum dots technology [1-6]. Since the first scientific research on the formation of gold colloids by the reduction of gold trichloride by phosphorus was published by Faraday in 1857 [7], various methods for the synthesis of colloidal gold have been used, such as chemical methods [8-11]. The well-known Turkevich method [8,12] is the simplest way to produce aqueous suspensions of monodispersed GNPs with good stability [13]. Sonochemistry has also been used to synthesise colloidal gold since the pioneering work on the formation of GNPs using ultrasonic sound was carried out in 1980 [14]. Extensive studies on the sonochemical production of GNPs have been performed to investigate the effects * Correspondence: [email protected] 2 School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 412-791, Republic of Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
of many synthesis variables on the size of GNPs [14-21]. These studies show that most GNPs have been synthesised in non-aqueous solutions using a high intensity ultrasonic generator. For example, various alcohols were used as the base fluid, reducing agent, and stabiliser in the greater part of sonochemical works [14-18,20]. However, with regard to GNPs synthesised in aqueous solutions, there has only been limited research. It has been reported that the rates of the formation of GNPs in pure water were a
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