Production of Strontium through a Vacuum Aluminothermic Process
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Production of Strontium through a Vacuum Aluminothermic Process Mehmet Bugdayci 1
&
Ahmet Turan 1 & Yeliz Demiray Cucurachi 2 & Onuralp Yücel 2
Received: 6 April 2020 / Accepted: 16 July 2020 # Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration Inc. 2020
Abstract The production of strontium (Sr) metal from its oxide via an aluminothermic process under 1–5 mbar pressure was examined in this study. SrO of 99% purity by weight was used in the experiments. The effects of stoichiometry and the duration of the process on the efficiency ratio of the metallic strontium were examined. The effects of functional additives (BaO, CaO, CaC2) were also examined. Characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and flame photometry techniques. The highest Sr efficiency ratio obtained was 96.89% in the experiment conducted at 1250 °C with 300% Al stoichiometry and 300% BaO stoichiometry. Keywords Strontium . Functional additives . Vacuum aluminothermic reduction
1 Introduction The element strontium (Sr) is in the second group of the periodic table and is one of the alkaline earth metals. Strontium’s atomic number is 38, and it is between calcium and barium in the periodic table. Strontium was discovered by Crawford in 1790, and metallic strontium was isolated by Davy for the first time in 1808 from a strontium carbonate compound obtained from strontian deposits in Scotland. Strontium is more reactive than magnesium and calcium and less reactive than barium. Therefore, it is difficult to keep strontium stable in its metallic form. Strontium easily reacts with H2O, O2, N2, F2 and S to produce compounds [1, 2]. According to the 2019 United States Geological Survey (USGS) data, 260,000 tons of strontium was produced from
* Mehmet Bugdayci [email protected] Ahmet Turan [email protected] Yeliz Demiray Cucurachi [email protected] Onuralp Yücel [email protected] 1
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University, 77200 Yalova, Turkey
2
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
mines worldwide in 2019, and the earth’s strontium deposits are estimated at over 1 billion tons [3]. Strontium has various application areas in industry today. The thin-film production processes are one example of its use. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques such as magnetron sputtering, thermal evaporation and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are the most commonly used methods for the growth of thin films [4–6]. In these applications, strontium is generally used in compound form. Strontium, bismuth, titanium and tantalum thin films are used in ferroelectric and Schottkybased microelectronic data storage applications. Strontium is also used in Sr-hexaferrite form in motors, speakers, highfrequency devices, magnetic recording media and other applications [7, 8]. In the metallurgical industry, strontium is used in metallic form to
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