Tin-based negative electrodes with oxygen vacancies embedded through aluminothermic treatment process for lithium-ion ba
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Tin-based negative electrodes with oxygen vacancies embedded through aluminothermic treatment process for lithium-ion battery materials Songlin Zhu 1 & Jianxiong Liu 1 & Sai Wang 1 & Yannan Zhang 2 & Yingjie Zhang 1,2 & Peng Dong 2 & Zhongren Zhou 2 & Shubiao Xia 3 Received: 28 October 2020 / Revised: 12 November 2020 / Accepted: 13 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract To develop the urgent requirement for high-rate electrodes in next-generation lithium-ion batteries, SnO2-based negative materials have been spotlighted as potential alternatives. However, the intrinsic problems, such as unremarkable conductivity and conspicuous volume variation, make the rate capability behave badly at a fixed current density. Here, to solve these issues, we demonstrate a new and facile strategy for enhancing their cyclic stability, and a kind of rutile SnO2-x nanoparticles with abundant oxygen vacancies (OVs) is fabricated through a hydrothermal process combined with aluminothermic treatment method without carbon coating. In addition, the growth of initial grains is restrained after aluminothermic treatment, which also reduces the unexpected polarization of negative electrodes. As a result, the as-synthesized SnO2-x anode material reveals a remarkable reversible capacity of 380 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and exhibits promising capacity of 267 mAh g−1 at 2.0 A g−1. The improved capabilities and cycling life can be ascribed to the positive effect of introducing OVs. Moreover, the strategy has an important role in the design of tin-based negative materials of the next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Keywords Oxygen vacancies . Rutile SnO2-x nanoparticles . Lithium-ion batteries . Negative material
Introduction
* Yannan Zhang [email protected] Zhongren Zhou [email protected] Shubiao Xia [email protected] 1
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
2
National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Yunnan Provincial Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Batteries Application, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
3
Center for Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Chemical Functional Materials and Pollution Control, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
To meet increasing demands from small-scale electrical devices to power-demanding hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is promising as energy storage products due to their advantages of high energy density and long cycling life [1, 2]. Recently, numerous types of negative electrodes have been explored aiming to achieve expected properties. Herein, tin dioxide (SnO2) has attracted great attention as negative materials attributed to its low cost, nontoxicity, and very high theoretical specific capacity (
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