Propolis extract protects against radiation-induced intestinal mucositis through anti-apoptotic mechanisms
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Propolis extract protects against radiation-induced intestinal mucositis through anti-apoptotic mechanisms Mohamed T. Khayyal 1 & Doaa H. Abdel-Naby 2 & Mona A. El-Ghazaly 2 Received: 13 March 2019 / Accepted: 17 June 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Intestinal mucositis is a common side effect during radiotherapy that could be largely prevented by compounds possessing antiinflammatory or anti-oxidant properties, including extracts of propolis containing a high proportion of flavonoids. A specially formulated aqueous extract of propolis (PWE) has been prepared in such a way to preclude the inclusion of flavonoids but contain mostly organic aromatic acids to study whether it would still protect against radiation-induced intestinal mucositis and to study the possible involvement of apoptotic pathways. Rats were exposed to a gamma radiation dose of 8 Gy from a Cesium-137 source in order to inflict intestinal mucositis. Three days before exposure, rats were given PWE orally and treatment continued for 2 more days. Twenty-four hours later, rats were sacrificed, the small intestine was excised, and sections were examined histologically. Different parameters for apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress were determined in the serum and in intestinal homogenates. Radiation exposure led to histological and biochemical signs of intestinal damage. This was associated with an increase in apoptotic indicators and derangement in oxidative stress parameters. All deranged parameters were largely prevented by PWE. The findings provide evidence that the protective effect of PWE against intestinal radiation damage involves not only its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects but also its anti-apoptotic properties as well. Keywords Propolis . Intestinal mucositis . Gamma irradiation . Apoptosis
Introduction Intestinal mucositis is a debilitating adverse effect of radiotherapy involving morphological and physiological changes that often compromise continuation of therapy (Son et al. 2013). Many underlying mechanisms have been advocated a role in these changes. Oxidative stress has been shown to be Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Mohamed T. Khayyal [email protected] Doaa H. Abdel-Naby [email protected] Mona A. El-Ghazaly [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, Egypt
2
Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, 3 Ahmad El-Zomor Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
involved in radiation-induced damage, manifested as an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (as a marker for lipid peroxidation, TBARS) and a corresponding reduction in reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as an increase in total nitrate/nitrite (NOx) (Freeman and MacNaughton 2000; Prasad et al. 2005; Circu et al. 2009). The increased oxidative stress is also associated with a rise in various indices of inflammation, such as the pro
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