Protein Array Diagnostics for Guiding Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis
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REVIEW ARTICLE
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Protein Array Diagnostics for Guiding Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis Peter Szodoray1 and Philip Alex2 1 Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 2 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Contents Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Overview of Protein Array Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Applications of Protein Arrays for Diagnosis and Prognosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Clinical Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Abstract
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Early diagnosis and effective management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are pivotal, given the progressive, chronic, inflammatory, multi-systemic nature of the disease. Currently, proper initiation of adequate, individually tailored interventions in RA is delayed by the difficulty of early diagnosis and the limitations of disease activity and therapeutic response assessment tools. This is a significant challenge to rheumatologists, further complicated by the dynamic and progressively evolving autoimmune nature of RA, which is characterized by several immune mediators in a complex network that regulates the perpetuation of inflammation. Protein arrays constitute the most advanced current technology that can provide a comprehensive parallel analysis of this diverse network in RA, providing an individualized insight into immune status and host immune response. The last few years have seen significant transitions in the field of protein arrays, demonstrated by a technologic shift from the bench to the bedside, paving the way for the medical and scientific community to deliver patient-specific assessments and personalized management. Screening of protein arrays with sera or tissues from patients with RA enables the probing of immune responses and the identification of autoantibody signatures that can be used for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of patients. This article reviews the technology and the applications for protein arrays in the diagnos
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