Protein Biomarkers for Traumatic and Ischemic Brain Injury: From Bench to Bedside
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Protein Biomarkers for Traumatic and Ischemic Brain Injury: From Bench to Bedside Zhiqun Zhang & Stefania Mondello & Firas Kobeissy & Richard Rubenstein & Jackson Streeter & Ronald L. Hayes & Kevin K. W. Wang
Received: 6 October 2011 / Revised: 7 November 2011 / Accepted: 8 November 2011 / Published online: 7 December 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
Abstract Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and the third leading cause of death in the USA. A clinically useful biomarker for the diagnosis of stroke does not currently exist. Biomarkers could improve stroke care by allowing early diagnosis by non-expert clinical providers, serial monitoring of patients, and rapid assessment of severity of brain injury. With the introduction of highly advanced multidimensional separation techniques coupled with high throughput genomics/proteomics platforms, several components of the pathophysiological and biochemical pathways have been elucidated in the areas of brain trauma. A major outcome of these approaches is the discovery of biomarkers that would have important applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and even development of experimental neuroprotective drugs that have been used in different paradigms of brain injury. In this paper, we reviewed the recent advances of current and novel brain injury protein biomarkers and their utilities in different models of brain injury with an emphasis on stroke, an area that has been understudied. This will include the utility of neuroproteomics/neurosystems biology analysis as a novel discipline leading to the identification of novel biomarkers that can reach the pipeline of bench side. Additionally, an Z. Zhang : S. Mondello : F. Kobeissy : R. Rubenstein : J. Streeter : R. L. Hayes : K. K. W. Wang (*) Center of Innovative Research, Banyan Biomarkers Inc, 12085 Research Drive, Alachua, FL 32615, USA e-mail: [email protected] F. Kobeissy : K. K. W. Wang Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
outline of biomarker-based management of traumatic brain injury and stroke patient assessments of therapeutic interventions has been included. Finally, comparison of current biomarker occurrence between preclinical models and biomarker data from human clinical studies for stroke has been summarized. Keywords Biomarkers . Brain injury . Cell death proteolysis
The Need for Biomarkers for Brain Trauma There have been significant advances in our understanding of the pathobiology and biochemical pathways relevant to the areas of traumatic brain injury (TBI). At the same period, numerous experimental drugs have been tested and shown to be neuroprotective in experimental animal model of brain injury; however, these efforts failed to translate successfully into TBI clinical trials [1]. These unsuccessful outcomes have led researchers and pharmaceutical companies to modify their approach for TBI clinical trials by switching into utilizing drug intervention-tracking bioma
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