Psychometric Properties of the Parental Bonding Instrument in a Sample of Canadian Children
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Psychometric Properties of the Parental Bonding Instrument in a Sample of Canadian Children Vivian Huang1 · Julia DiMillo2 · Diana Koszycki2,3,4 Received: 3 March 2020 / Revised: 24 April 2020 / Accepted: 27 April 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The parental bonding instrument (PBI) is a self-report questionnaire that was initially designed to retrospectively assess perceived parenting style during childhood in adult respondents. Recent studies have used the PBI to assess current perception of parenting in children. However, few studies have evaluated the psychometric properties of the PBI in children. This study examined the factor structure and reliability of the PBI in a sample of Canadian children aged 7–18 years (n = 257). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted separately for the mother and father form of the PBI and composite reliability was used to determine internal consistency of the PBI. A four-factor model (care, overprotection, autonomy, indifference) showed the best fit to the data. The PBI exhibited good internal consistency but poor convergent validity. Configural invariance was not found for the PBI between two age groups (7–12 and 13–18 years), however these findings should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size in each age group. This study suggests the PBI may be a valid and reliable self-report measure of parental bonding in children but further research is needed. Keywords Parental bonding instrument (PBI) · Psychometric properties · Factor structure · Confirmatory factor analysis · Children · Parenting style · Parent-child bonds
Introduction The parental bonding instrument (PBI) is a self-report questionnaire that was designed to be used in individuals 16 years and over to retrospectively assess perceived maternal and paternal parenting style during childhood [1]. It is the most widely used research instrument to examine the relationship between early parent-child relationships and risk for mental health problems in adults [2]. As initially described by Parker et al. [1], the PBI measures two parenting styles: overprotection and care. These dimensions can be further divided into four separate categories; high care
* Diana Koszycki [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
2
Institut du savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada
3
Faculty of Education and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
4
University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, 145 Jean‑Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, Canada
and high protection (affectionate constraint), high protection and low care (affectionless control), high care and low protection (optimal parenting), and low care and low protection (neglectful parenting) [1, 3]. Research has consistently shown that the parenting style identified as affectionless control (high protection and low care) is associated with the poorest psychiatric outcomes in adults [4]. In contrast, optimal pare
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