Psychopathology of addiction: Can the SCL90-based five-dimensional structure differentiate Heroin Use Disorder from a no
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PRIMARY RESEARCH
Annals of General Psychiatry Open Access
Psychopathology of addiction: Can the SCL90‑based five‑dimensional structure differentiate Heroin Use Disorder from a non‑substance‑related addictive disorder such as Gambling Disorder? Angelo G. I. Maremmani1,2,3, Denise Gazzarrini3, Amelia Fiorin4, Valeria Cingano4, Graziano Bellio4, Giulio Perugi3,5 and Icro Maremmani2,3,6*
Abstract Background: In the Gambling Disorder (GD), there is no exogenous drug administration that acts as the central core of the traditional meaning of addiction. A specific psychopathology of Substance Use Disorders has been proposed recently. In a sample of Heroin Use Disorder (HUD) patients entering opioid agonist treatment, it became possible to identify a group of 5 mutually exclusive psychiatric dimensions: Worthlessness-Being trapped (W-BT), Somatic Symptoms (SS), Sensitivity-Psychoticism (SP), Panic Anxiety (PA) and Violence-Suicide (VS). The specificity of these dimensions was suggested by the absence of their correlations with treatment choice, active substance use, psychiatric comorbidity and the principal substance of abuse and by the opportunity, through their use, of fully discriminating HUD from Major Depression patients and, partially, from obese non-psychiatric patients. To further support this specificity in the present study, we tested the feasibility of discriminating HUD patients from those affected by a non-substance-related addictive behaviour, such as GD. In this way, we also investigated the psychopathological peculiarities of GD patients. Methods: We compared the severity and frequency of each of the five aspects found by us, in 972 (83.5% males; mean age 30.12 ± 6.6) HUD and 110 (50% males; average age 30.12 ± 6.6) GD patients at univariate (T test; Chi square) and multivariate (discriminant analysis and logistic regression) level. Results: HUD patients showed higher general psychopathology indexes than GD patients. The severity of all five psychopathological dimensions was significantly greater in HUD patients. Discriminant analysis revealed that SS and VS severity were able to discriminate between HUD (higher severity) and GD patients (lower severity), whereas PA and SP could not. W-BT severity was negatively correlated with SS and VS; GD patients were distinguished by low scores for SS and VS low scores associated with high ones for W-BT. Psychopathological subtypes characterized by SS and VS symptomatology were better represented in HUD patients, whereas PA symptomatology was more frequent in GD individuals. No differences were observed regarding the W-BT and SP dimensions. At multivariate level, the one prominent characteristic of HUD patients was the presence of SS (OR = 5.43) as a prominent qualification for psychopathological status.
*Correspondence: [email protected] 6 Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Specialty Medicine, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy Full list of author information is available at the end of
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