Bidirectional relationship between heroin addiction and depression: Behavioural and neural studies
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Bidirectional relationship between heroin addiction and depression: Behavioural and neural studies Ahmed A. Moustafa 1,2 & Richard Tindle 3 & Sharon Cashel 1 & Denise Parkes 1 & Enas Mohamed 4 & Eid Abo Hamza 5
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Heroin is highly addictive drug that users use in spite of its negative consequences. Many research on drug dependence, persistence and relapse confirmed that there is a relationship between drug addiction and negative mood states. The present review article investigated the relationship between depression, negative mood, and drug abuse. In addition, the article investigated. The relationship between depression, anxiety, and negative mood-induced heroin-seeking behavior. Previous studies pointed out that depression symptoms could be as a result of heroin use, persistence, and relapse and should be considered in the assessment and treatment of heroin addiction. The greater severity attributable to comorbidity suggests that addressing depression and substance use is a complex and poses an increased challenge for treatment, recovery and abstinence. Keywords Heroin addiction . Mood induction . Depression . Relapse . Neural studies
Introduction Depressive disorders are characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, irritability, and significant disturbances in an individual’s functioning (APA 2013). In this chapter, we refer to depression as a broad term that may cover many different diagnoses of depressive disorders. Largely, the literature on the connection between depression and heroin use is concerned with Major Depressive Disorder or Dysthymia. Major depression disorder is defined as an individual that experiences a subjective state of depression such as sadness, helplessness, and guilt for most of the day. In addition to a reduction of activities participating that previously brought
* Ahmed A. Moustafa [email protected] 1
School of Psychology & Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
2
Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
3
School of Psychology, Charles Stuart University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
4
Faculty of Education, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
5
Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Education, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
pleasure; insomnia, weight loss, fatigue, poor concentration; and persistent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation. Throughout this article, we will discuss the different findings of the bidirectional relationship between depressive disorders and heroin addiction. Heroin is a highly addictive opioid drug that is a major health concern (Penington Institute 2018; Moustafa et al. 2020). Addicted people keep useing heroin regardless of the long-term adverse consequences such as suicidal tendencies, mood changes, dependence, and addiction (Degenhardt et al. 2011). Between 2001 and 2012, studie
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