Python software tools for GNSS interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR)
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GPS TOOLBOX
Python software tools for GNSS interferometric reflectometry (GNSS‑IR) Angel Martín1 · Raquel Luján1 · Ana Belén Anquela1 Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interferometric reflectometry, also known as the GNSS-IR, uses data from geodetic-quality GNSS antennas to extract information about the environment surrounding the antenna. Soil moisture monitoring is one of the most important applications of the GNSS-IR technique. This manuscript presents the main ideas and implementation decisions needed to write the Python code for software tools that transform RINEX format observation and navigation files into an appropriate format for GNSS-IR (which includes the SNR observations and the azimuth and elevation of the satellites) and to determine the reflection height and the adjusted phase and amplitude values of the interferometric wave for each individual satellite track. The main goal of the manuscript is to share the software with the scientific community to introduce new users to the GNSS-IR technique. Keywords GNSS-IR reflectometry · Python software · Soil moisture · Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
Introduction Through the use of a geodetic Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) antenna for soil moisture monitoring in the top 5–10 cm of the soil column, GNSS interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) has become an interesting and complementary remote sensing technique due to its advantages over classical satellite or aircraft images. GNSS-IR resolution is higher (a scale of approximately 1000 m2 around the antenna); it can be used for continuous monitoring and is The GPS Tool Box is a column dedicated to highlighting algorithms and source code utilized by GPS engineers and scientists. If you have an interesting program or software package you would like to share with our readers, please pass it along; e-mail it to us at [email protected]. To comment on any of the source code discussed here, or to download source code, visit our website at http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/gps-toolbox. This column is edited by Stephen Hilla, National Geodetic Survey, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, and Mike Craymer, Geodetic Survey Division, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. * Angel Martín [email protected] 1
Department of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
independent of weather conditions (the technique is valid in rainy and foggy conditions) and illumination (day or night). GNSS satellite signals are transmitted in the L-band (microwave frequency), so the signal reflected by nearby surfaces and recorded by the antenna contains information about the environment surrounding the antenna. This information can be obtained by processing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) recorded in the antenna as interferograms. The GNSS-IR technique, first developed by Larson et al. (2008a, b), and bas
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