A Concise Introduction to Mathematical Logic

Traditional logic as a part of philosophy is one of the oldest scientific disciplines and can be traced back to the Stoics and to Aristotle. Mathematical logic, however, is a relatively young discipline and arose from the endeavors of Peano, Frege, and ot

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Wolfgang Rautenberg

A Concise Introduction to Mathematical Logic

Third Edition

123

Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Rautenberg Fachbereich Mathematik und Informatik 14195 Berlin Germany [email protected]

Editorial board: Sheldon Axler, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA Vincenzo Capasso, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Carles Casacuberta, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Angus MacIntyre, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK Kenneth Ribet, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Claude Sabbah, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France Endre Süli, Oxford University, Oxford, UK Wojbor Woyczynski, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

Cover illustration: Photographer unknown. Courtesy of The Shelby White and Leon Levy Archives Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, USA.

ISBN 978-1-4419-1220-6 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-1221-3 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1221-3 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2009932782 Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 03-XX, 68N 17 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010  All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Foreword by Lev Beklemishev, Moscow The field of mathematical logic—evolving around the notions of logical validity, provability, and computation—was created in the first half of the previous century by a cohort of brilliant mathematicians and philosophers such as Frege, Hilbert, Gödel, Turing, Tarski, Malcev, Gentzen, and some others. The development of this discipline is arguably among the highest achievements of science in the twentieth century: it expanded mathematics into a novel area of applications, subjected logical reasoning and computability to rigorous analysis, and eventually led to the creation of computers. The textbook by Professor Wolfgang Rautenberg is a well-written introduction to this beautiful and coherent subject. It contains classical material such as logical calculi, beginnings of model theory, and Gödel’s incompleteness theorems, as well as some topics motivated by applications, such as a chapter on logic programming. The author has taken great care to make the exposition readable and concise; each section is accompanied by a