A new approach to geographic routing for location aided cluster based MANETs
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RESEARCH
Open Access
A new approach to geographic routing for location aided cluster based MANETs SenthilVelmurugan Mangai1* and Angamuthu Tamilarasi2
Abstract Routing has been the main challenge for ad hoc networks due to dynamic topology as well as resource constraints. Completely GPS(Global Positioning System) free as well as GPS scarce positioning systems for wireless, mobile, ad-hoc networks has been proposed recently by many authors. High computational overhead and high mobility of the nodes typically require completely GPS enabled MANETs for higher performance. In this article, Improved Location aided Cluster based Routing Protocol (ILCRP) for GPS enabled MANETs has been evaluated for performance metrics such as end to end delay, control overhead, and packet delivery ratio. Use of cluster based routing as well as exact location information of the nodes in ILCRP reduces the control overhead resulting in higher packet delivery ratio. GPS utility in nodes reduces the end to end delay even during its high mobility. Simulations are performed using NS2 by varying the mobility (speed) of nodes as well as number of the nodes. The results illustrate that ILCRP performs better compared to other protocols. Keywords: MANET, GPS, Routing Algorithm, Location aided routing, Cluster based routing, Stable clustering
Introduction ’Resource Constraint’ is an extreme challenge faced by a routing protocol designed for ad hoc wireless networks. Gadgets used in the ad hoc wireless networks in most cases require portability and hence they also have size and weight constraints along with the restrictions on the power source. Control overhead increases due to mobility of the nodes resulting in bandwidth constraint. Mobility also affects end to end delay as well as packet delivery ratio. Therefore, in real time applications there is a reduction in quality due to bandwidth constraint. As a result, ad hoc network routing protocols must optimally balance these contradictory aspects. Many routing protocols [1] have been proposed to reduce the complexity of a flat structured routing either with help of the clustering schemes or using location information of the nodes. Through clustering, MANETs are partitioned into a group of nodes with a Cluster Head (CH). These clusters are dynamically rearranged with change in topology of the network. CH is the node which represents itself as a single entity and has specific * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Velalar College of Engineering and Technology, Thindal, Erode-638 012, Tamil Nadu, India Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
responsibilities. Cluster members are simply nodes that join a cluster but cluster members that belong to more than one cluster are gateway nodes. The gateway nodes are used for communication between clusters. When there is more than one gateway to the same cluster, the CH chooses the best one for routing data by considering the node value of each gateway node. If two clusters
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