A novel catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetric method for the determination of germanium ultratraces in the presenc
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A novel catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetric method for the determination of germanium ultratraces in the presence of chloranilic acid and the V(IV)·HEDTA complex Jerzy Zarębski 1 & Andrzej Bobrowski 1 & Agnieszka Królicka 1 & Julia Gonciarczyk 1 & Vasiliki Manolopoulou 2 & Anastasios Economou 2 Received: 2 May 2020 / Revised: 22 May 2020 / Accepted: 23 May 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract A novel, sensitive catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetric procedure which can be used to determine trace amounts of germanium is described. The method is based on the interfacial accumulation of the complex formed by Ge(IV) and the product of the reduction of chloranilic acid on the hanging mercury drop electrode or the renewable silver amalgam film electrode, and its subsequent reduction from the adsorbed state followed by the catalytic action of the V(IV)·HEDTA complex. The presence of V(IV)·HEDTA greatly enhances the adsorptive stripping response of Ge. The reduction of the Ge(IV) in the presence of chloranilic acid and V(IV)·HEDTA was investigated in detail and the effects of pH, electrolyte composition, and instrumental parameters were studied. Under optimal conditions, the catalytic peak current of germanium exhibited good linearity for Ge(IV) concentrations in the range of 0.75–60 nM (for 60 s of accumulation at −0.1 V, r2 = 0.995) and a low limit of detection (LOD = 0.085 nM). The procedure was successfully applied to determine Ge in water samples. Keywords Germanium determination . Chloranilic acid . HEDTA vanadium(IV) complexes . Catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetry . Silver amalgam film electrode
Introduction Germanium was discovered by Winkler in 1885 and has been since the subject of many papers concerning its properties and those of its compounds. The studied areas included the influence of germanium compounds on living organisms and the human body, their ingestion, and the health consequences [1–3]. Although germanium may in some cases be essential Dedicated to Professor Fritz Scholz on the occasion of his 65th birthday. * Andrzej Bobrowski [email protected] * Agnieszka Królicka [email protected] 1
Department of Building Materials Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
2
Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece
for development, it can also adversely affect vital functions. Consequently, it is essential to monitor the content of this element in food, water, and other potential sources of ingestion as well as its concentration in tissue by applying selective and sensitive methods of its determination. Many analytical methods have been applied to determine germanium [4–6]; electrochemical methods such as adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) [7–9] and catalytic voltammetry (CAdSV) [10–14] are among the most sensitive ones. Complexes formed by Ge(IV) and organic compounds containing -OH groups in the ortho-position
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