A novel, green, and biocompatible graphene-based carbonaceous material for immobilization of cytochrome c
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ARTICLE A novel, green, and biocompatible graphene-based carbonaceous material for immobilization of cytochrome c Kuo Gaib) State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
Maoping Kangb) Department of Mining Engineering, Shanxi Institute of Energy, Taiyuan 030600, People’s Republic of China
Qian Huang, Sainan Zheng, Lei Zhang, Chaoliang Zhang, and Liying Haoa) State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China (Received 26 August 2018; accepted 24 September 2018)
The immobilization of cytochrome c (cyt c) on tea polyphenol functionalized and reduced graphene oxide (TPG) was carried out by a simple adsorption process. Intriguingly, TPG with large surface area exhibited excellent adsorption behaviors and good biocompatibility. The adsorbed materials were characterized by various methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). And the effects of adsorption behavior of cyt c were discussed in detail. The results showed the adsorption behavior was dependent on the pH value and showed a high adsorption capacity as high as 1.414 104 mg/g and was friendly to normal cells (mouse fibroblast cell line, L929). In conclusion, we proposed the introduction of TPG as novel material and used the adsorption method to immobilize cyt c, which would provide a novel material and simple method for the enrichment of protein.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cytochrome c (cyt c) is a water-soluble containing 104-amino-acid globular protein with a covalently bound heme active center,1 which acts as a key protein to complete the electron transfer in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.2 Recent studies indicated the release of cyt c into the cytoplasm can induce the cell apoptosis to cause some disease.3 Therefore, cyt c was identified as an important indicator in the apoptotic process and as an early signs of cell apoptosis.4 Hence, researchers have tried their best to study and detect cyt c to better understand cell apoptosis and certain disease. Recently, various methods have been used to detect cyt c, including electrochemistry,5,6 mass spectrometry,7 fluorescent sensor8 liquid chromatography,9 etc. During the detection process, the enrichment and purification of cyt c is very essential for the analysis of cyt c because of the minute quantity in the cytoplasm. Therefore, a simple, economical, and fast method is necessary for the detection of cyt c in clinic and research applications. As we all know, adsorption-based method is widely considered as a high
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Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] b) These authors contributed equally to this work. DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2018.387 J. Mater. Res., 2018
efficiency, simple, and ecofriendl
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