A Review of Wire Rope Detection Methods, Sensors and Signal Processing Techniques
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A Review of Wire Rope Detection Methods, Sensors and Signal Processing Techniques Shiwei Liu1 · Yanhua Sun1
· Xiaoyuan Jiang1 · Yihua Kang1
Received: 29 June 2020 / Accepted: 5 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Wire rope inspection by nondestructive testing methods, sensors and signal processing techniques are mainly reviewed in this paper. Owing to the difference of physical mechanism and testing principles, magnetic flux leakage, eddy current, acoustic emission and ultrasonic guide wave testing as well as other inspection methods for steel wire rope are summarized. Then, the commonly and frequently used testing sensors of inductive coil, hall element, magnetoresistive sensors and others are compared in the perspective of their corresponding operating principles, development situation, advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, signal processing techniques including the signal filtering techniques such as the time and frequency analysis methods, quantitative data processing methods such as the machine learning and defect classification are studied. Finally, the challenges and future developing trends of wire rope inspection in practical applications are discussed. Keywords Wire rope inspection · Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) · Eddy current testing (ECT) · Acoustic emission (AE) · Ultrasonic guide wave (UGW) · Sensor · Signal processing
1 Introduction As one of the most important loading and bearing tools in industries, steel wire rope has gained increasing attention in guaranteeing safety and health monitoring after large numbers of human-life accidents and economic losses have happened. Steel wire rope is also widely used in engineering and industries such as the coal mine, ocean oil platform, elevator and bridge cable [1, 2]. Due to the long time loading and working, a variety of faults or defects will appear, such as the broken wire, abrasion, wear, corrosion, which could lead to catastrophe in engineering and relevant industries. Although various testing methods, such as the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing, eddy current testing (ECT), acoustic emission (AE), ultrasonic guided wave testing (UGWT) and radiography testing methods could be used in steel wire rope testing, the electromagnetic nondestructive testing (ENDT) method is the most reliable and feasible one. Generally, the defects of wire rope could be divided into two types. Namely, the localized fault (LF), which mainly
B 1
Yanhua Sun [email protected] School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
includes broken wires, corrosion pitting and the loss of metallic cross-sectional area (LMA) that includes the deterioration of wear and abrasion. Related standards, such as the European norm EN 12927-8, the ISO 4309 and ASTM E1571 [3–5] prescribe the basic detection principles, procedures, relevant instrument, and calibrating method through electromagnetic testing technique in detail. As the physical mechanisms of high precision
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