A simplified modification to rapidly determine the residues of nitrofurans and their metabolites in aquatic animals by H
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
A simplified modification to rapidly determine the residues of nitrofurans and their metabolites in aquatic animals by HPLC triple quadrupole mass spectrometry EunChae Ryu 1 & Ji-Sung Park 2 & Sib Sankar Giri 1 & Se Chang Park 1 Received: 21 May 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A simplified method is described for reducing the analysis time of nitrofurans (NFs) and nitrofuran metabolites (NFMs) in the aquatic animals. Most existing HPLC-MS/MS methods are intended only for NFMs and are based on their fast metabolic transformations. We optimized a method for simultaneously detecting major NFs and their metabolites, including nitrovin (NV) that imply use of an optimized buffer solution. The novel method was validated by six different aquatic animal matrices (loach, catfish, shrimp, lobster, scallop, and eel) spiked with the analytes at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 μg kg−1. Recovery rates and %RSDs (relative standard deviations) of 82–97% and 1–8% were observed for NFMs, respectively, with values of 70–96% and 1–8% obtained for furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin, and NV, respectively. Linearity was observed in the 0.1– 20 μg L−1 range, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99 recorded for all compounds. The developed method is sensitive, accurate, easier to use, and faster than previous methods when applied to real samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method that can simultaneously determine NFs and their metabolites, as well as NV, using a single-step extraction process. Keywords Nitrofuran, nitrofuran metabolites . Nitrovin . HPLC-MS/MS . Residue analysis . Veterinary drug
Introduction Nitrofurans (NFs), also known as nitrofuran antimicrobials, are competitive and powerful veterinary drugs with antimicrobial spectra that include Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Citrobacter sp., and even Vibrio cholera. NFs contain 5-nitrofuran ring that is variously substituted at its 2-position (Radovnikovic et al. 2011; SzabóBárdos et al. 2020). In addition to their use as veterinary drugs, NFs are often used in animal feed to stimulate their growth in Responsible editor: Ester Heath Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11074-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Se Chang Park [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
2
Seoul Regional Office, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Seoul 07670, Republic of Korea
intensive livestock farming (e.g., swine, poultry, and bovine), which increases food production at a low cost per unit (Van Boeckel et al. 2015). Due to cheap price, availabilities, and efficiencies, NFs have become popular as veterinary drugs (Liu et al. 2010; Radovnikovic et al. 2011). The four major NFs
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